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Guides to Online Primary Sources

Colonial America and Early Republic
American Memory, Library of Congress
Civil War and Reconstruction
Inter-war Years
Locating and Evaluating Online Resources
     Advertising
     Film
     Letters and Diaries
     Maps
     Music
     Oral History
     Photography
     Quantitative History
Post-1945 America
     American Culture
     Civil Rights
     Foreign Policy and Relations
     Legal History
     Politics and Presidents
     Social Reform

Colonial America and Early Republic

Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, Gilder Lehrman Institute
http://www.gliah.uh.edu/index.cfm
This site provides multimedia resources and links for teaching American history, focusing on slavery, ethnic history, private life, technology, and film. The site offers a full U.S. history textbook and more than 1,500 searchable and briefly annotated links to American history-related sites, including 150 links to Supreme Court decisions and 330 links to historic speeches.

Afro-Louisiana History and Genealogy, 1718-1820, UNC, Chapel Hill
http://www.ibiblio.org/laslave/
This site provides detailed data on more than 100,000 slaves and free blacks in Louisiana from 1718 to 1820. Users can search by name of slave, master’s name, gender, epoch, racial designation, plantation location, and place of origin. Information was compiled from documents created when slaves arrived by ship, were bought and sold, reported as runaways, testified in court cases, manumitted, and at the death of masters.

Hypertext on American History, University Groningen (Netherlands)
http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/usa.htm
This site provides more than 3,000 documents pertaining to United States history, primarily from the colonial period to the end of the 19th century. Though this site provides no contextualization, it is very useful for locating important documents.

Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1873, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html
This site offers records and acts of Congress from the Journals of the Continental Congress through The Congressional Globe, which ceased publication with the 42nd Congress in 1873. An excellent resource for antebellum and reconstruction politics.

Do History—Martha Ballard’s Diary Online, Film Study Center, Harvard University
http://dohistory.org/
This experimental, interactive case study explores the remarkable 18th-century diary of midwife Martha Ballard, including two versions of the 1400-page diary, facsimile and transcribed full-text; more than 300 documents, interactive exercises, and teaching resources.

Drafting the Documents of Independence, Library of Congress
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara1.html
Eight documents and prints relating to the Declaration of Independence are presented on this site, including a fragment of the earliest known draft and Thomas Jefferson’s “original rough draught” with changes by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and others. This site is well-organized and successfully tracks the Declaration’s development and effect.

The Hartford Black History Project, Hartford Black History Project
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/HBHP/index.html
Two exhibits on black history in Hartford, Connecticut. “A Struggle from the Start” charts stages in the life of the Hartford African-American community from 1638 to 1920, including slavery, black codes, free blacks, black governors, and black community institutions. A second exhibit presents approximately eighty photographs from Hartford’s African-American community covering the years 1870 to the 1970s.

Campaign Atlases, United States Military Academy
http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/dhistorymaps/MapsHome.htm
Visitors will find more than 400 color maps of military campaigns from American colonial wars to U.S. involvement in Somalia in 1992-1993. Most maps are of conflicts in which the U.S. played a role. Maps are indexed by war and may be enlarged. The site is easy to navigate although maps are large and can be slow to download.

United States Historical Census Data Browser, University of Virginia Library
http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/
This site provides data gathered from census records and other government sources for a study entitled “Historical Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-1970.” For each decade, users can browse extensive population- and economic-oriented statistical information at state and county levels, arranged according to a variety of categories, including place of birth, age, gender, marital status, race, ethnicity and education.

A Brush With History: Paintings from the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian
http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brush/index1.htm

The National Portrait Gallery is closed for renovation, but visitors to this site can view seventy-six portraits of prominent Americans drawn from the Gallery’s collections. Paintings are arranged in chronological order, from the 1720s to the 1990s. Featured artists include famous 18th and 19th century portraitists Gilbert Stuart and John Singer Sargent, as well as more abstract 20th century artists like Marguerite Zorath. A brief biography accompanies each portrait, along with the artist’s name (if known), the year painted, the medium, and acquisition information.

 

Thomas Jefferson Digital Archive, University of Virginia
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/jefferson/
Provides more than 1,700 texts—correspondence, books, addresses, and a variety of public papers—written by or to Thomas Jefferson. The site also includes a biography of Jefferson written in 1834, eight years after his death. The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia, published in 1900, organizes more than 9,000 quotes according to theme and other categories. A collection of 2,700 excerpts from Jefferson’s writings present his political philosophy.

Virginia Runaways Project, University of Virginia
http://www.wise.virginia.edu/history/runaways/
Provides full transcriptions and images of more than 2,200 newspaper advertisements regarding runaway slaves, mostly from the Williamsburg Virginia Gazette, between 1736 and 1776. Includes ads placed by owners and overseers for runaways as well as ads for captured runaway or suspected runaway slaves placed by sheriffs and other governmental officials. In addition, the site’s creators have included ads for runaway servants and sailors as well as military deserters. Searchable by any words appearing in ads. Additional material includes three K-12 teaching guides using the ads.

American Memory

American Memory: Historical Collections for the National Digital Library, Library of Congress, American Memory
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/amhome.html
This expansive archive of American history and culture features photographs, prints, motion pictures, manuscripts, printed books, pamphlets, maps, and sound recordings going back to roughly 1490. Currently this site includes more than 8 million digital items from more than 100 collections on subjects ranging from African American political pamphlets to California folk music, from baseball to the Civil War. Most topical sites include special presentations introducing particular depositories or providing historical context for archival materials. Visitors can search collections separately or all at once by keyword and type of source (photos and prints, documents, films, sound recordings, or maps). The Learning Page provides well-organized help for using the collections, including 70 sample teaching assignments.

Abraham Lincoln Papers, American Memory and Lincoln Studies Center, Knox College
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/malhome.html
This site offers approximately 20,000 documents totaling 61,000 digital page images—with accompanying transcriptions for half the documents—relating to President Abraham Lincoln’s life and career. Included in this series are incoming and outgoing correspondence, enclosures, reports, pamphlets, newspaper clippings, extracts, and copies of items. Links to special presentations on the Emancipation Proclamation and the Lincoln Assassination include 500-word introductions to the events, timelines, and galleries of 24 images of related documents and engravings. Additional resources include 16 photographs of the Lincolns and key political and military figures of Lincoln’s presidency.

American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/
Consists of 59 sound recordings of speeches by American leaders produced from 1918 to 1920 on the Nation’s Forum record label. The speeches—by such prominent public figures as Warren G. Harding, James M. Cox, Calvin Coolidge, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Samuel Gompers, Henry Cabot Lodge, John J. Pershing, Will H. Hays, A. Mitchell Palmer, and Rabbi Stephen S. Wise—deal with issues and events related to World War I and the 1920 presidential election. Additional topics include social unrest, Americanism, bolshevism, taxes, and business practices. Speeches range from one to five minutes in length. This site includes photographs of speakers and of the actual recording disk labels, as well as text versions of the speeches.

American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Printed Ephemera
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/rbpehtml/pehome.html
This site furnishes more than 10,000 items of ephemera—“transitory documents created for a specific purpose and intended to be thrown away” from a collection of more than 28,000 items. Items are from the U.S. and London and date from the 17th century to the present, though they originate primarily from the 19th century. They include “a variety of posters, notices, advertisements, proclamations, leaflets, propaganda, manifestos, and business cards,” and pertain to subjects such as the American Revolution, slavery, western migration, the Civil War, the Industrial Revolution, travel, labor concerns, education, health, and woman suffrage. Browse by author, title, genre, or printing location. Of value for studying popular print and consumer culture related to issues of public concern to ordinary people.

“California as I Saw It”: First-Person Narratives of California’s Early Years, 1849–1900
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cbhtml/cbhome.html
The 190 works presented on this site—approximately 40,000 written pages and more than 3,000 illustrations—provide eyewitness accounts covering California history from the Gold Rush through the end of the 19th century. Most authors represented are white, educated, male Americans, including reporters detailing Gold Rush incidents and visitors from the 1880s attracted to a highly-publicized, romantic vision of California life. The narratives, in the form of diaries, descriptions, guidebooks, and subsequent reminiscences, portray pioneer experiences, cross-cultural contact, changes to the land, the growth of cities, and “California’s emergence as both a state and a place of uniquely American dreams.” A map of California from 1900, texts, 20 illustrations and photographs, a bibliography for further reading, and a comprehensive discussion of the collection’s strengths and weaknesses provide useful context for first-persons accounts. A special presentation with paintings, engravings, and photographs recounts early California history.

Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/bdsds/bdsdhome.html
The Continental Congress Broadside Collection (253 titles) and the Constitutional Convention Broadside Collection (21 titles) contain 274 documents relating to the work of Congress and the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. Items include extracts of the journals of Congress, resolutions, proclamations, committee reports, treaties, and early printed versions of the United States Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. The documents are presented as page images and as text, and are keyword searchable. An excellent resource on the constitutional era and popular politics.

Edward S. Curtis’s “The North American Indian”
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/award98/ienhtml/curthome.html
Presents all 2,226 photographs taken by Edward S. Curtis for his work The North American Indian. These striking images of North American tribes are considered some of the most significant representations of “the old time Indian, his dress, his ceremonies, his life and manners” ever produced. Each image is accompanied by comprehensive identifying data and Curtis’s original captions. The voluminous collection and narrative are presented in 20 volumes, searchable by subject, 80 American Indian tribes, and seven geographic locations, including the Great Plains, Great Basin, Plateau Region, Southwest, California, Pacific Northwest, and Alaska. This site also features a 12-item bibliography and three scholarly essays discussing Curtis’ methodology as an ethnographer, the significance of his work to Native peoples of North America, and his promotion of the 20th-century view that American Indians were a “vanishing race.” Students will find the biographical timeline and map depicting the locations where Curtis photographed American Indian groups especially useful.

Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850–1920
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/conshome.html
This website documents the formation of the movement to conserve and protect America’s natural heritage through published works, manuscript documents, images, and motion picture footage. There are 60 books and pamphlets, 140 Federal statutes and Congressional resolutions, 34 additional legislative documents, excerpts from the Congressional Globe and the Congressional Record, 360 presidential proclamations, 170 prints and photographs, two historic manuscripts, and two motion pictures. Holdings include 20 Alfred Bierstadt paintings, period travel literature, a photographic record of Yosemite, Congressional acts regarding conservation and the establishment of national parks. The site provides an annotated chronology of selected events in the development of the conservation movement with links to documents and images. The site is searchable by subject, author, and keyword. Ideal for researching the history of national parks, nature, and conservation movements in the United States.

First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750–1820, American Memory; University of Chicago Library; and Filson Historical Society
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/icuhtml/fawhome.html
Provides approximately 15,000 pages of historical published and unpublished manuscript material related to the migration of Europeans west into the Ohio River Valley during the latter half of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th. Includes books, pamphlets, newspapers, periodicals, journals, letters, legal documents, pictorial images, maps, ledgers, and other types of material. The site includes a special presentation with a hyperlink-filled essay on contested lands, peoples and migration, empires and politics, Western life and culture, and the construction of a Western past. The site offers materials on encounters between Europeans and native peoples, the lives of African American slaves, the role of institutions such as churches and schools, the position of women in this society, the thoughts of naturalists and other scientists, and activities of the migrants, including travel, land acquisition, planting, navigation of rivers, and trade. Well-known people represented include Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, James Madison, and William Henry Harrison. Includes a 26-title bibliography and annotated links to 15 related sites.

History of the American West, 1860–1920
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/codhtml/hawphome.html
This site features more than 30,000 photographs, primarily taken between 1860 and 1920. Images include Colorado towns, landscapes, mining scenes, and members of more than 40 Native Americans tribes living West of the Mississippi River. The special presentations on this site include: a gallery of more than 30 photographs depicting the dwellings, children, and daily lives of Native American Women; more than 30 images of buildings, statues, and parks in Denver, Colorado; and roughly 20 World War II-era photographs of the 10th Mountain Division, ski troops based in Colorado who fought in Italy. All photographs offer links to full records, including title, a 25-word summary of the photograph subject, the photographer’s name, medium, and the date the photograph was taken. The site also includes biographies of Western photographers David F. Barry, Horace S. Poley, and Harry M. Rhoads.

Map Collections: 1500–2003
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gmdhome.html
This site presents a large number of maps from the 16th century to the present day focusing on Americana and “cartographic treasures.” Materials are organized into seven thematic categories—“Cities and Towns”; “Conservation and Environment”; “Discovery and Exploration”; “Cultural Landscapes”; “Military Battles and Campaigns”; “Transportation and Communication”; and “General Maps.” Sections include a number of “special presentations,” including essays on “George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker,” “The 1562 Map of America by Diego Gutiérrez,” and “National Atlases: Presenting the Nation’s Cultural Geography.” Users may zoom in to view details and download maps. Seven map collections are described in detail in History Matters entries: “Discovery and Exploration”; “The American Revolution and Its Era”; “Railroad Maps, 1828–1900”; “American Colonization Society Collection: Maps of Liberia, 1830–1870”; “Panoramic Maps, 1847–1929”; “Civil War Maps”; and “Mapping the National Parks.”

Prairie Settlement: Nebraska Photographs and Family Letters, American Memory and Nebraska State Historical Society
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/nbhihtml/
This remarkable collection illustrates the story of settlement on the Great Plains from 1862 to 1912. The 3,000 glass plate negatives from the Solomon Butcher photograph collection depict everyday life in central Nebraska, with images of businesses, farms, people, churches, and fairs in Custer, Buffalo, Dawson, and Cherry counties. Each photograph is accompanied by a 10–15 word caption as well as notes on the date, place, and medium of the photograph. The approximately 3,000 pages of Oblinger family letters describe the trials of establishing a homestead in Nebraska and everyday life on the Great Plains as they follow the Uriah Oblinger family’s sojourns in Indiana, Nebraska, Minnesota, Kansas, and Missouri. They discuss such topics as land, work, neighbors, crops, religious meetings, problems with grasshoppers, financial troubles, and Nebraska’s Easter Blizzard of 1873. An Oblinger family tree offers a collage of 11 family photographs and an essay describes the letter collection.

South Texas Border, 1900–1920: Photographs from the Robert Runyon Collection, American Memory and University of Texas, Austin
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/txuhtml/runyhome.html
A collection featuring the life’s work of commercial photographer Robert Runyon (1881–1968). More than 8,000 images document the history and development of South Texas and the border, including the U.S. military presence prior to and during World War I and the development of the Rio Grande Valley in the early 1900s. A special section presents nine of Runyon’s 350 photographs of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) in Matamoros, Monterrey, Ciudad Victoria, and the Texas border area from 1913 through 1916. Includes a 900-word essay on the Revolution and a 1,100-word biographical essay on Runyon. Valuable for studying the history of documentary photography, images of the Mexican Revolution, and Texas history.

Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sawhtml/sawhome.html
This site features 68 motion pictures of the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Revolution produced by the Edison Manufacturing Company and the American Mutoscope & Biograph Company between 1898 and 1901. These films include footage of troops, ships, notable figures, and parades shot in the U.S., Cuba, and the Philippines, in addition to reenactments of battles and related events. A Special Presentation puts the motion pictures in chronological order; brief essays provide a historical context for their filming. This site is indexed by subject and searchable by keyword, and includes a link to resources and documents pertaining to the war in the Library’s Hispanic Division.

Stars and Stripes: The American Soldiers’ Newspaper of World War I, 1918–1919
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sgphtml/sashtml/
From February 8, 1918, to June 13, 1919, by order of General John J. Pershing, the United States Army published a newspaper called The Stars and Stripes for its forces in France. Designated the “official newspaper” of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), its mission was to strengthen morale of the troops and promote unity within the American forces. The eight-page weekly featured news from home, poetry, cartoons, and sports. This new collection presents the complete 71-week run of the World War I edition. The collection includes special presentations that discuss the newspaper’s content, soldier-authored material, women and the war effort, and advertising. There are also brief biographies of editorial staff members and their careers. A timeline (1914–1921) and map place the newspaper within the greater historical and geographic context of the war. Users can search the full text of the newspaper for a word or phrase. The Stars and Stripes presents a unique perspective on the wartime experience of American soldiers.

Votes for Women: Selections from the National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, 1848–1921
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawshome.html
This site consists of 167 books, pamphlets, handbooks, reports, speeches, and other artifacts, totaling some 10,000 pages, dealing with the suffrage movement in America. Much of the collection was donated by Carrie Chapman Catt, the Association’s longtime president. Also included are works from organization officers and members, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Alice Stone Blackwell, Julia Ward Howe, Elizabeth Smith Miller, and Mary A. Livermore. Formed in 1890, NAWSA secured the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 through a series of well-organized state campaigns. The site includes two bibliographies of related works on the suffrage campaign, a 700-word essay on Catt, a timeline entitled “One Hundred Years toward Suffrage: An Overview,” and links to 11 related collections. While a special application is necessary to view reproductions of documents and illustrations, texts of documents have been scanned and are word-searchable. Useful for studying women in politics, female leaders, and suffrage.

Civil War and Reconstruction

The African American Odyssey, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aointro.html
More than 240 items dealing with African-American history, including books, government documents, manuscripts, maps, musical scores, plays, films, and recordings. The site is organized into nine chronological periods, including slavery, the Civil War and Reconstruction; the black exodus, the “Booker T. Washington era” of progress, World War I, the Depression and World War II; and Civil Rights. It is a well-written guide for exploring African-American history.

Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sthtml/sthome.html
Provides published materials on legal aspects of slavery. Most of the pamphlets and books pertain to American cases in the 19th century. Includes documents on the slave trade, slave codes, the Fugitive Slave Law, and slave insurrections, and courtroom proceedings from famous trials such as the Amistad case, the Denmark Vesey conspiracy trial, and trials of noted abolitionists John Brown and William Lloyd Garrison.

Images of African Americans from the 19th Century, New York Public Library
http://digital.nypl.org/schomburg/images_aa19/
This site contains roughly 500 images depicting the social, political, and cultural worlds of African Americans. The site can be searched through 17 subject categories, such as family, labor, Civil War, slavery, social life and customs, and portraits. This site offers a keyword search and is ideal for researching African American and 19th century history.

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936-1938, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html
A gold mine of information on the history of slavery from those who lived as slaves. This site has more than 2,300 first person accounts of slavery and 500 black and white photographs of former slaves. These narratives and photographs were collected as part of the 1930s Federal Writers Project of the Works Project Administration, and they were assembled and microfilmed in 1941 as the seventeen-volume Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves.

The Time of the Lincolns, PBS Online, WGBH, American Experience
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/

This companion site to the six-hour documentary, Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided includes essays and videos addressing the antislavery movement, the Underground Railroad, defenses for slavery, “wage slavery” in the North, African-Americans in the North, developments in technology, women’s rights, and literary women. This site is comprehensive and exceptionally well-designed. A teacher’s guide is included.

 

The Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music, Johns Hopkins University
http://levysheetmusic.mse.jhu.edu/index.html
Provides scanned images of more than 18,000 pieces of sheet music, especially 19th-century popular music, including songs related to military conflicts, presidents, romance, transportation, and the minstrel stage. Users may search for songs on hundreds of topics such as drinking, smoking, the circus, and death, or look for composers, song titles, or other catalog record data.

Making of America, University of Michigan
http://moa.umdl.umich.edu/
This site is a “digital library” of thousands of primary documents in American social history from the Antebellum period through Reconstruction. It offers more than three million pages of text from 10,000 volumes and 50,000 journal articles.

Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War, University of Virginia
http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/vshadow/
A massive, searchable archive of thousands of pages of maps, images, letters, diaries, newspapers, and church, agricultural, military, and public records—all relating to two communities, Staunton, Virginia, and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, before, during, and after the Civil War.

Selected Civil War Photographs, Library of Congress, American Memory
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwphome.html
This collection offers 1,118 photographs depicting Civil War military personnel, preparations for battle, and the aftermath of battles in the main eastern theater and in the west, in addition to Federal Navy and Atlantic seaborne expeditions against the Confederacy. The presentation “Does the Camera Ever Lie” demonstrates the constructed nature of images.

HarpWeek: Explore History, John Adler
http://www.harpweek.com/
This collection of exhibits presents free access to a wealth of texts and images taken from Harper’s on a variety of subjects dealing with 19th-century American political and social history. “Presidential Elections” offers 320 annotated political cartoons. “Toward Racial Equality” presents approximately seventy cartoons, illustrations, and advertisements dealing with slavery, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and African-American culture and society.

Civil War Women, Digital Scriptorium, Duke University
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/collections/civil-war-women.html
These Civil War-era documents relate to three American women of diverse backgrounds and political persuasions. These women are Rose OÍNeal Greenhow, a Confederate spy and Washington socialite; Sarah E. Thompson, who organized Union sympathizers near her home in Greenville, Tennessee; and sixteen-year-old Alice Williamson, a Gallatin, Tennessee, schoolgirl who kept a diary about the Union occupation of her town.

Eye of the Storm, Michael Johnson, Adam Stoltman, and Alan Dorow, Journal E
http://www.musarium.com/eyeofthestorm/index.html
Presents more than 500 watercolor drawings and maps by Union Army Private Knox Sneden, depicting battle scenes, camp life, and maps. Four presentations depict particular incidents Sneden witnessed.

A Civil War Soldier in the Wild Cat Regiment: Selections From the Tilton C. Reynolds Papers,
American Memory, Library of Congress
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/tcrhtml/
This collection offers a unique perspective on the lives of a Union soldier and his family. The selected letters lend insight into the wartime dynamics of the Reynolds family, and their words reveal how family members in Reynolds’ regiment looked after him, announced his capture, and gave advice. The letters also describe the daily life of a Union soldier, touching on such topics as food, clothing, shelter, health, and punishment. Soldiers’ feelings, views on slavery and the election of 1864, as well as Reynolds’ account of seeing President and Mrs. Lincoln can all be found in this collection. The site also features two Special Presentations: “Timeline: History of the 105th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-1865” and one on the Reynolds family.

Inter-war Years

Dr. Seuss Went to War: A Catalog of Political Cartoons, UC San Diego
http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/
From 1941 to 1943, Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel) drew more than 400 editorial cartoons as the chief editorial cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM. The cartoons are primarily related to issues surrounding World War II, and include caricature images of political figures like Adolph Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

The Emma Goldman Papers, Berkeley Digital Library
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/
This site provides primary resources on Emma Goldman (1869-1940), a major figure in the history of radicalism and feminism in the United States prior to her deportation in 1919. Includes writings, speeches, newspaper accounts, and photographs, as well as a 1934 Hearst Metrotone Newsreel entitled Famous Anarchist Back from Exile.

The New Deal Network, Teachers College, Columbia University
http://newdeal.feri.org/
A database of more than 20,000 items relating to the New Deal, including newspaper and journal articles, speeches, letters, reports, advertisements, and other textual materials, more than 4,000 images, and featured exhibits, many with lesson plan suggestions.

American Radicalism Collection, Michigan State University Libraries
http://www.lib.msu.edu/coll/main/spec_col/radicalism/index.htm
This site contains 129 images of pamphlets and newsletters produced by radical movements. Groups and issues represented by one to 30 digital images are: Birth Control; the Black Panthers; the Hollywood Ten; the IWW; the Ku Klux Klan; the Rosenbergs; Sacco and Vanzetti; the Scottsboro Boys; Students for a Democratic Society; and Wounded Knee.

Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsowhome.html
This site features more than 100,000 images taken by government photographers with the Farm Security Administration (FSA) and the Office of War Information (OWI) during the New Deal and World War II eras. These images document the ravages of the Great Depression on farmers, scenes of everyday life in small towns and cities, and mobilization campaigns for World War II.

 

Internet Moving Images Archive, Prelinger Archives and Internet Archive
http://webdev.archive.org/movies/prelinger.php
This site offers films selected from the Prelinger Archives, a privately held collection of 20th-century American ephemeral films (films produced for specific purposes at specific times, not intended for long-term preservation). The site includes films produced between 1927 and 1987 by and for U.S. corporations, nonprofit organizations, trade associations, community and interest groups, and educational institutions. Note that viewing these movies requires a DSL or faster connection and movies take several minutes to load.

By the People, For the People: Posters from the WPA, 1936-1943, NARA
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/wpahome.html

This colorful exhibit showcases more than 900 original Works Project Administration posters produced from 1936 to 1943 as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal program to support the arts. The silkscreen, lithograph, and woodcut posters were designed to publicize health and safety programs, art exhibits, theatrical and musical performances, travel and tourism, educational programs, and community activities in seventeen states and the District of Columbia.

 

Anti-Saloon League, 1893-1933, Ohio Public Library
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/wpahome.html
This selection of printed material is representative of the public campaigns of the Anti-Saloon League from 1893 to 1933. Highlights include fourteen wet and dry maps of the U.S., three temperance anthems, transcriptions of nine anti-alcohol stories, and twelve pro-temperance cartoons. In addition, six entries from the Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem offer the Temperance perspective on communion wine, whiskey production, and alcohol use in China. Teachers will find eleven classroom activities relating to social reform.

Famous Trials, Douglas Linder, University of Missouri, Kansas City
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/ftrials.htm
This exceptional legal history site includes fascinating treatments of twenty of the most prominent court trials in American history, including: the Scopes “Monkey” Trial (1925); Scottsboro Trials (1931-1937); Nuremburg Trials (1945-49);the Hauptmann (Lindbergh) Trial (1935); and the Sweet Trials (1925-1926). There are also links to biographies of five “trial heroes,” including famous trial lawyer Clarence Darrow, and a “Constitutional Conflicts” site that offers twenty-nine important constitutional topics for class discussion.

California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afccchtml/cowhome.html
This site features thirty-five hours of folk and popular music sound recordings from several European, Slavic, Middle Eastern, and English- and Spanish-speaking communities. The Work Projects Administration California Folk Music Project collected these 817 songs, in twelve languages and representing 185 musicians, in Northern California between 1938 and 1940. The collection also includes 168 photographs of musicians, forty-five scale drawings and sketches of instruments, and numerous written documents.

Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898-1935, Jim Zwick, American Studies Scholar
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afccchtml/cowhome.html
This innovative site of important texts on American imperialism and its opponents presents approximately 800 essays, speeches, pamphlets, political platforms, editorial cartoons, petitions, and pieces of literature, such as Mark Twain’s anti-imperialist writings and the text of Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden accompanied by fifty contemporary reactions. Arranged by document type and searchable by keyword, the materials also include information concerning bulletin boards and electronic discussion networks.

FDR Cartoons, Niskayuna High School, New York
http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/FDRcartoons.html
A continuing project of high school history and science classes, this site presents thousands of political cartoons concerning the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Of particular interest is the “Cartoons” link, which leads to a comprehensive database showing depictions of FDR’s Presidency in the popular medium. Periods currently emphasized include, “1932, The Road to Pennsylvania Avenue,” “1937, The Supreme Court,” and “1943, The War Years.” Well-conceived and executed, the site also gives the texts of Roosevelt’s inaugural addresses and a page of teacher resources and suggested projects.

Jukin’ it Out: Contested Visions of Florida in New Deal Narratives, Oberlin College
http://www.oberlin.edu/library/papers/honorshistory/2001-Gorman/default.html
Created as a senior honors project at Oberlin College, this conceptually sophisticated site explores issues of narrative and representation in two New Deal cultural projects. The site uses the 1939 WPA guide to Florida and FSA-sponsored documentary photography from the period, in particular photographs of “jook joints” to investigate such themes as local color writing, documentary photography, and tour guides as modes of communication, all within the context of key intellectual and cultural concepts that marked the 1930s. The site includes a thoughtful analysis of why and how to write history in hypertext.

 

Locating and Evaluating Online Resources

Advertising

The Living Room Candidate: A History of Presidential Campaign Commercials, 1952-2000, American Museum of the Moving Image.
http://www.ammi.org/livingroomcandidate/
This site offers 183 television commercials used since 1952 to sell presidential candidates to the American public and an annotated guide to twenty-one websites created for the 1996 and 2000 elections. Ads from each election are accessible by year as well as by common themes and strategies used over the years, such as ‘Looking Presidential,’ ‘Attack Ads,’ ‘Family Man,’ and ‘Real People.’ Essays (200-400 words) analyze ad strategies of the major party candidates for each election; and a program guide (1,000-words)for high school students presents a history of the usage of TV commercials in campaigns. Valuable for students of American political history, consumer culture, and advertising history.

Ad*Access, Duke University Digital Scriptorium
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/adaccess/

This easily navigated site presents images and database information for more than 7,000 advertisements printed primarily in the United States from 1911 to 1955. It is an excellent archive of primary documents for students of consumer and popular culture.

 

Film

Theodore Roosevelt: His Life and Times on Film, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/trfhtml/trfhome.html
Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to have his life chronicled through extensive use of film. This site offers 104 films depicting events in Roosevelt’s life, from the Spanish-American War in 1898 to his death in 1919. This site is a good resource for learning about Theodore Roosevelt and early film.

The American Variety Stage, 1870-1920, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vshtml/vshome.html
This collection documents the development of vaudeville and other popular entertainment from the 1870s to the 1920s. It includes 334 English- and Yiddish-language play scripts, 146 theater programs and playbills, sixty-one motion pictures, and ten sound recordings. This site also features 143 photos and twenty-nine memorabilia items documenting the life of Harry Houdini.

Letters and Diaries

George Washington Papers, 1741-1799, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/
This collection of approximately 65,000 documents written by or to George Washington includes correspondence, letterbooks, diaries, journals, account books, military records, reports, and notes written from 1741 through 1799. Because of the wide range of Washington’s interests and correspondents, including ordinary citizens, his papers are a rich source for studying almost every aspect of colonial and early American history.

African-American Women, The Digital Scriptorium, Duke University
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/collections/african-american-women.html
Writings of three African-American women of the 19th century are offered in this site. It features scanned images and transcriptions of an eighty-five-page memoir by Elizabeth Johnson Harris (1867-1923), a Georgia women whose parents had been slaves; a 565-word letter written in 1857 by a North Carolinian slave named Vilet Lester; and four letters written between 1837 and 1838 by Hannah Valentine and Lethe Jackson, slaves on a Virginia plantation. The documents are accompanied by three background essays, six photographs, a bibliography of seven titles on American slave women, and eight links to additional resources. Documents offer insight into the lives of women living under slavery and during its aftermath in the South.

Maps

Panoramic Maps, 1847-1929, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pmhtml/panhome.html

This site presents more than 1,000 original panoramic maps, a popular cartographic form during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The maps cover the contiguous forty-eight states and four Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec from 1847 to 1929. Viewers can zoom in to find artists’ renderings of individual streets, buildings, and landscapes. An excellent resource for studying urbanization, cities, growth, and mapmaking.

David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, Cartography Associates
http://www.davidrumsey.com/
This site consists of more than 4,400 historical maps of North and South America. Most of the maps were made in the 18th and 19th centuries; many are notable for their craftsmanship. Searchable by country, state, publication author, keyword, date, title, event, subject, and name of engraver or printer. This site vividly conveys how certain locations have changed over time.

Music

Blues, Gospel, and the Fort Valley Music Festivals, 1938-1943, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ftvhtml/ftvhome.html
This site is a collection of 104 sound recordings from annual folk festivals held at Fort Valley State College, an African-American teaching college in central Georgia. It also provides sixty-three items of written documentation about the festival and the recording project. The collection is an extraordinary record of non-commercial American music and musical styles.

Max Hunter Folk Song Collection, Southwest Missouri State University
http://www.smsu.edu/folksong/maxhunter/
This site is a collection of audio files and song transcriptions of more than 1,000 songs recorded in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas between 1956 and 1976. Lyrics for all songs are included; some also have musical notations, names of singers, and location and date of the recording. No information is offered for composer or lyricist. Users may browse singers and song titles or search titles using keywords.

Oral History

Studs Terkel: Conversations With America, Chicago Historical Society
http://www.studsterkel.org/index.html
This site was created in honor of Studs Terkel, noted oral historian, radio host, and Pulitzer Prize-winning author. An educational section helps students and teachers use oral history in the classroom. This site offers a rich history of many influential, as well as lesser-known, personalities living in the second half of the 20th century, and is beneficial to anyone interested in the Great Depression, World War II, race relations, and labor issues.


Oral History Online! Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/collections/ohonline.html
Oral History Online has full-text transcripts of more than fifty-five searchable interviews. Current offerings include “The University History Series” focusing on the Free Speech Movement, “The Suffragists Oral History Project,” and interviews regarding the medical response to the AIDS epidemic in San Francisco, 1981-1984. The site also contains “Oral History Tips” and guides to “Conducting an Oral History” and “Oral History Interviewing.”

Photography

Touring Turn-of-the-Century America: Photographs from the Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/detroit/dethome.html
The Detroit Publishing Company mass produced photographic images--especially color postcards, prints, and albums--for the American market from the late 1890s to 1924. This collection of more than 25,000 glass negatives and transparencies and about 300 color photolithographs also includes images taken prior to the company’s formation by landscape photographer William Henry Jackson, who became the company’s president in 1898. Although many images were taken in eastern locations, other areas of the U.S., the Americas, and Europe are represented. The collection specializes in views of buildings, streets, colleges, universities, natural landmarks, resorts, and copies of paintings. More than 300 photographs were taken in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. About 900 Mammoth Plate Photographs include views of Hopi peoples and their crafts and landscapes along several railroad lines in the 1880s and 1890s.

Florida State Archives Photographic Collection, Joan Morris, Florida State Archive
http://www.floridamemory.com/PhotographicCollection/
More than 100,000 photographs, many focusing on specific localities from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, are available on this website. Materials include collections on agriculture, the Seminole Indians, state political leaders, Jewish life, family life, postcards, and tourism.

Quantitative History

Centennial Celebration, Bureau of the Census
http://www.census.gov/mso/www/centennial/index.html
This site provides a wealth of statistical information on the U.S. population. While most materials offer recent data, more than thirty comprehensive reports and tables track decade-by-decade demographic shifts, including urban and rural population change, population of the largest one hundred cities, population density, and homeownership rates.

Dynamics of Idealism: Volunteers for Civil Rights, 1965-1982, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
http://dpls.dacc.wisc.edu/Idealism/index.html
Provides documentation collected for a study of the attitudes, backgrounds, goals, and experiences of volunteers participating in a 1965 Southern Christian Leadership Conference voter registration effort. Includes questionnaires submitted prior to and following the project, as well as a follow-up survey conducted in 1982. Participants were queried as to reasons they volunteered, what they expected, their attitudes regarding race and politics, and subsequent attitudes regarding civil rights, violence, and social change. This information is valuable for those studying the civil rights movement and sociological aspects of American reformers.

 

Post-1945 America

AMERICAN CULTURE

The Literature and Culture of the American 1950s, Al Filreis, University of Pennsylvania
http://dept.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/home.html
This site presents more than 100 primary texts, essays, biographical sketches, obituaries, book reviews, and partially annotated links relating to the culture and politics of the 1950s. Organized alphabetically and according to lesson plans, this eclectic collection includes short stories by communist writer Howard Fast; texts of two Woody Guthrie songs; entries from the Encyclopedia of the American Left; excerpts from Vance Packard’s The Status Seekers (1959); items concerning McCarthyism; and selected texts. The site also offers materials about the 1930s and 1960s, as well as retrospective analyses of the postwar period.

Fifty Years of Coca-Cola Television Advertisements, American Memory, Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colahome.html
This site contains highlights of Coca-Cola television advertisements, including 50 commercials, broadcast outtakes, and experimental footage. There are five examples of stop-motion advertisements from the mid-1950s, 18 experiments with color for television ads, and well-known commercials, such as the “Hilltop” commercial featuring the song “I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke” (1971); the “Mean Joe Greene” commercial (1979); the first “Polar Bear” commercial (1993); and “First Experience.

Herblock’s History: Political Cartoons from the Crash to the Millennium, Library of Congress
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/
An exhibit of 135 cartoons drawn between 1929 and 2000 by three-time Pulitzer Prize-winning political cartoonist Herblock (Herbert Block) that comment on major events and public issues. The site also presents an essay by Block on “the cartoon as an opinion medium”; a biographical essay; and 15 caricatures of the cartoonist. Organized according to 13 chronological sections, with an additional segment devoted to Presidents.

 

CIVIL RIGHTS

The Martin Luther King, Jr., Papers Project, Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/
Features texts by and about Martin Luther King, Jr., including more than 100 speeches, sermons, and other writings. In addition, 15 chapters of materials collected from diverse sources and published by the Project in 1998 as The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. are available. Includes important sermons and speeches such as the 1963 “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” the March on Washington address; the Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech; and “Rediscovering Lost Values,” a sermon from 1954. The site also provides an interactive chronology of King’s life, a 1,000-word biographical essay; and 23 audio files of recorded speeches and sermons.

Voices of the Civil Rights Era, Webcorp
http://www.webcorp.com/civilrights/index.htm
Audio clips of speeches by three prominent public figures of the early 1960s: six from John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, which reflect the “doomed idealism” of the early 1960s; five from Martin Luther King Jr’s 1963 March on Washington speech; and 11 demonstrating Malcolm X’s oratory prior to his pilgrimage to Mecca. Audio components are introduced by very brief remarks.

The Central High Crisis: Little Rock 1957, Little Rock Newspapers, Inc.
http://www.ardemgaz.com/prev/central/
A collection of articles and photographs from two Arkansas newspapers covering the crisis in the city of Little Rock when governor Orval Faubus refused to allow nine African-American students to attend the all-white Central High School, despite Federal court rulings to the contrary. The site includes news articles and editorials from each day of the month-long crisis. Additional materials address the 40th anniversary of the crisis in 1997. The site also timelines and a “Who’s Who” of participants.

Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive, Univ. Southern Mississippi, Center for Oral History
http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/crda/oh/index.html
This website offers 125 oral histories relating to the civil rights movement, including interviews with civil rights leaders like Charles Cobb, Charles Evers, and Aaron Henry. It also offers oral history information about prominent figures on both sides of the civil rights movement, such as “race-baiting” Governor Ross Barnett, national White Citizens Council leader William J. Simmons, and State Sovereignty leader Erle Johnston. The alphabetical interview index offers a 50–100 word biography of each subject, as well as information on the date and place of the interview. The site promises digitized manuscript and photograph resources in the future.

FOREIGN POLICY AND RELATIONS

The Real Thirteen Days: Hidden History of the Cuban Missile, National Security Archive
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/
Full-text images of 17 declassified documents, such as a CIA Intelligence Estimate, correspondence, memoranda, and a post-mortem on the crisis, as well as eight audio clips of White House security briefings, spyplane photographs of missile launch sites. The site also offers a chronology of events, a 1000-word essay critical of the film Thirteen Days, a 1500-word essay looking back on the Cold War, and excerpts from seven accounts of the crisis.

Korea + 50: No Longer Forgotten, Truman and Eisenhower Presidential Libraries
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/korea/
More than 200 official documents, nine oral histories, and more than 70 photographs pertaining to the pursuance of the Korean War by the administrations of Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Provides day-by-day access covering June 24-September 14, 1950—and more sporadic contributions during subsequent periods—to diplomatic and military documents and accounts by administration officials, including correspondence, speeches, memos, reports, and briefing papers. Also includes extensive “Korean War Teacher Activity” from a high school in Independence, MO.

National Security Action Memoranda of John F. Kennedy, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library
http://www.jfklibrary.org/nsam.htm
This site provides access to 272 facsimiles of National Security Action (NSA) memoranda written by President John F. Kennedy or by McGeorge Bundy, his NSA advisor. Topics include training of Cuban nationals, U.S. forces in Vietnam, Berlin, and civil defense. The documents are indexed by NSA numbers from February 1961 to November 1963. There is a 100-word introduction to the collection, but no contextual material or annotations.

The American Experience: Vietnam Online, PBS and WGBH
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/index.html
Companion to the PBS series, Vietnam: A Television History. Transcripts are available for each episode, from the “Roots of a War” to “The End of the Tunnel.” “Who’s Who” provides photographs and profiles of 41 major figures and a timeline covers 1945 to 1997. Twelve personal reflections of the war include the memories of a Vietnamese-born American poet, a U.S. marine, a soldier who guarded the Ho Chi Minh trail, and a Red Cross aid worker. One essay describes the My Lai massacre and another essay discusses the continuing issue of prisoners of war and soldiers missing in action.

LEGAL HISTORY

The Oyez Project: U.S. Supreme Court Multimedia Database, Jerry Goldman, Northwestern University
http://oyez.nwu.edu/
Vast number of historical documents on cases heard before the Supreme Court. Includes abstracts of more than 1,200 Court opinions and audio files with more than 1,500 hours of oral arguments for cases going back to 1955. It includes such famous cases as Roe v. Wade (abortion), Baker v. Carr (one person—one vote), and Bush v. Gore.

POLITICS AND PRESIDENTS

The Living Room Candidate: A History of Presidential Campaign Commercials, 1952–2000, American Museum of the Moving Image
http://www.ammi.org/livingroomcandidate/
Offers 183 television commercials used since 1952 to sell presidential candidates to the American public and an annotated guide to 21 websites created for the 1996 and 2000 elections. Ads are accessible by year as well as by common themes and strategies, such as ’Looking Presidential,’ Attack Ads,’ Family Man,’ and ‘Real People.’ Includes analysis of ad strategies as well as a program guide and teacher’s guide intended for high school.

History and Politics Out Loud, Jerry Goldman, Northwestern University
http://www.hpol.org/
Audio materials of significant 20th-century events and people, including speeches, addresses, and private telephone conversations. Most material comes from three U.S. presidents—Richard M. Nixon (34 items); Lyndon Baines Johnson (30 items); and John F. Kennedy (19 items).

Project Whistlestop, Truman Digital Archive Project
http://www.whistlestop.org
Offers more than 400 selected documents and photographs organized into broad topics, from the decision to drop the atomic bomb to the Marshall Plan, from the 1948 Presidential campaign to the Korean War. Each study collection includes a chronology, diary entries, official documents, and related items. Sixty teaching units, lesson plans, and classroom activities include 24 elementary school projects, 21 middle school activities, and 22 plans for high school students. Teachers can also create their own interactive Internet lessons for students tailored to grade level and specific themes. Study collections are searchable by keyword, collection folder, catalog records, or historical timeline.

Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum
http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/
These 64 oral history interviews include Dean Rusk, Johnson’s secretary, Bess Abell, Robert MacNamara, Thurgood Marshall, and Billy Graham. The site provides transcribed samples of recorded telephone conversations and links to a C-SPAN collection of more than 800 transcribed recorded excerpts and full conversations Johnson had while in office. A selection of 20 speeches and nine messages to Congress are available in transcription and address issues such as the Great Society and limitations on the war in Vietnam. Facsimiles of 98 National Security Action memoranda discuss policies towards Vietnam, nuclear weapons, and Latin America, among other issues.

Watergate Revisited, Washington Post
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/splash1a.htm
Commemorates the 25th anniversary of the Watergate burglary. A detailed timeline covers events from Nixon’s election in November 1968 to his resignation in August 1974. Biographies introduce 20 “key players,” including Pat Buchanan, John Ehrlichman, H. R. Halderman, G. Gordon Liddy, and Donald Segretti, while another section details the reforms enacted in response, from the Ethics Rules to efforts to enforce Campaign Spending Limits. One essay explores the identity of Deep Throat, while another examines the impact of the story on the newspaper. Teachers and students can read transcripts of online interviews with Bob Woodward and Ben Bradlee or search for related stories.

Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum, University of Texas
http://www.ford.utexas.edu/
Offers a biography, 120 photographs, and documents about Vietnam. In addition 41 National Security Study memos and 83 National Security Decision memos address Israeli military requirements, the classification of nuclear safeguards, and U.S. policy for Antarctica.

SOCIAL REFORM

Sixties Project & Viet Nam Generation, Viet Nam Generation, Inc., University of Virginia
http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/
Resource for teaching and researching America in the 1960s and during the Viet Nam War. The site contains links to 17 primary documents, including materials from the Black Panther Party, the Free Speech Movement, and GI’s United Against War in Viet Nam. More than 100 images of political buttons and posters and a full-text version of Vietnam: An Antiwar Comic Book, written by civil rights activist Julian Bond. Additional items on the site include five keyword searchable, full-text back issues of Viet Nam Generation and 10 syllabi for courses on the 1960s and the Vietnam War. Visitors may contribute their own personal narratives about the 1960s (the quality and accuracy of these personal narratives are not controlled and should be used with caution).

Free Speech Movement: Student Protest, U.C. Berkeley, 1964–65, Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley
http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/FSM/
Rich archive of material on the Berkeley Free Speech Movement (FSM). Printed material includes five books, 29 leaflets produced by the FSM, 55 letters to and from FSM activists, 11 local radical newsletters, 21 press releases, and six speeches. Visitors may read complete transcripts of 10 oral histories: eight with university administrators and faculty; two with FSM activists. A collection of legal documents includes 40 pages of trial transcripts and 400 letters from FSM activists to Judge Rupert Crittenden, who presided over their trials. This site also provides 96 photographs of FSM rallies and sit-ins taken by Ronald L. Enfield in 1964 and 1965. The site may be searched by subject, but is somewhat difficult to navigate because pages within the collection do not link directly to an index or the collection’s home page.

The Whole World Was Watching: An Oral History of 1968, South Kingston School, Brown University
http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/1968/
This site contains transcripts, audio recordings, and edited stories from interviews conducted in the spring of 1998 by sophomores at South Kingstown High School, Rhode Island, about their recollections of 1968. These narratives, including references to the Vietnam War, Civil Rights movement, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, as well as personal memories, are a living history of one of the most tumultuous years in U.S. history.

Documents from the Women’s Liberation Movement, Digital Scriptorium, Duke University
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/
More than 50 documents—including journal and newspaper articles, speeches, papers, manifestoes, essays, press releases, organization statements, songs, and poems—concerning the women’s liberation movement, with a focus on U.S. activity in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Organized into eight subject headings—General and Theoretical; Medical and Reproductive Rights; Music; Organizations and Activism; Sexuality and Lesbian Feminism; Socialist Feminism; Women of Color; and Women’s Work and Roles—and searchable by keyword.

 

 
   
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