Notes concerning spectatorship and framing:

• The transgression of the border between Liz's picture and the real world adapts rowdy spectatorship to the world of frames.

Richard F. Outcault, "The Yellow Kid's New Phonograph Clock," cartoon,New York Journal 14 Feb. 1897; rpt. in R.F. Outcault'sThe Yellow Kid: A CentennialCelebration of the Kid Who Started the Comics,(Northampton, Massachusetts:Kitchen Sink Press, 1995) plate 72.