Notes concerning spectatorship and framing:

Richard F. Outcault, "Receiving the Returns in McFadden's Row on Election Night," cartoon,New York Journal 1 Nov. 1896; rpt. in R.F. Outcault'sThe Yellow Kid: A CentennialCelebration of the Kid Who Started the Comics,(Northampton, Massachusetts:Kitchen Sink Press, 1995) plate 44.