Notes concerning spectatorship and framing:

• George Luks, identified by his signature, is separated from the world of Hogan's alley by a pane of glass. He is marked as a spectator.

R. F. Outcault, "Opening of the Hogan'sAlley Athletic Club," cartoon, 27 Sept. 1896 World; rpt. Bill Blackbeard and Martin Williams, The Smithsonian Collectionof Newspaper Comics (New York: Harry N. Abrams with SmithsonianInstitution Press, 1977) 22.