Notes concerning spectatorship and framing:

• A series of signs frame the barker, sharply focusing the viewer's attention.

Richard F. Outcault, "The Amateur Dime Museum in Hogan's Alley," cartoon,New York World 4 Oct. 1896; rpt. in R.F. Outcault'sThe Yellow Kid: A CentennialCelebration of the Kid Who Started the Comics,(Northampton, Massachusetts:Kitchen Sink Press, 1995) plate 39.