Notes concerning spectatorship and framing:

• The neatly aligned signs that form the background of the turkey raffle channel the reader's eye even more carefully than the similar row of signs in the Dime Museum cartoon.

Richard F. Outcault, "A Turkey Raffle in Which the Yellow Kid Exhibits Skill with the Dice," cartoon,New York Journal 22 Nov. 1896; rpt. in R.F. Outcault'sThe Yellow Kid: A CentennialCelebration of the Kid Who Started the Comics(Northampton, Massachusetts:Kitchen Sink Press, 1995) plate 49.