All Footnotes

McKinley Introduction Page 1, Note 1: Many of the messages sent from the telegraph office at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo during the afternoon of September 6, 1901 messages can be found in: McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 5, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH; and McKinley Papers, Reel 81, Series 3, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, DC.

McKinley Introduction Page 1, Note 2: See e.g., "Fourth Extra! 8:10 O'Clock P.M. President's Condition: Latest Evidence as to the Chief Executive," Washington Star, Sept. 6, 1901, 4th Edition, p. 1; "Tremendous Shock," Washington Star, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 8; Edward E. Wilson, It is God's Way (Cleveland, OH, 1902) p. 9; "At the Theatres," New York Times, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 2; John Kendrick Bangs, "How New York Received the News," Harper's Weekly 45 (September 14, 1901) p. 910-11; "Bona Fide Circulation," Washington Star, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 2.

McKinley Introduction Page 1, Note 3: "The Universal Tribute," Pittsfield Sun (MA) Sept. 26, 1901, p. 4; Edward Stratemeyer, American Boys Life of William McKinley (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1901) p. 294-95. See Commemorative Books and Booklets. Northern newspapers also covered the mourning period in greater detail than did Southern newspapers. See letter, A. Teagrie to George B. Cortelyou, Sept. 16, 1901, McKinley Papers, Reel 81, Ser. 3, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington DC. The letter lists the newspaper correspondents who were permitted to join the funeral train. Of 29 reporters, 25 represented Northern newspapers. The other four were border-state or German reporters.

McKinley Introduction Page 2, Note 1: Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (New York: Verso, 1991). See Florencia E. Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995) p. 7.

McKinley Introduction Page 2, Note 2: David Chesebrough, 'No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow:' Northern Protestant Ministers and the Assassination of Lincoln (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1994); Carolyn Harrell, When the Bells Tolled for Lincoln: Southern Reaction to the Assassination (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997); Paul B. Sheatsley and Jacob J. Feldman, "The Assassination of President Kennedy: A Preliminary Report on Public Reactions and Behavior," Public Opinion Quarterly, 28 (Summer 1964) pp. 189-215; Northwestern Assassination Research Group, Reactions to the Assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King (Chicago: Northwestern University, 1969).

Establishment Page 1, Note 1: Henry B.F. McFarland, "Mr. McKinely as President," The Atlantic Monthly 87, No. 3 (March 1901) p. 302; See also, George F. Hoar, "McKinley or Bryan," The North Atlantic Review, 171, No. 527 (October 1900) p. 473. Stratemeyer, p. 1-10 and Jane Elliot Snow, The Life of William McKinley (Cleveland: Gardner Publishing Co., 1908). William Armstrong, Major McKinley & the Civil War (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000) p. 39-40.

Establishment Page 1, Note 2: Carlos F. MacDonald, The Trial, Execution, Autopsy, and Mental Status of Leon F. Czolgosz, alias Fred Neiman (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1902). On Parker's role, see below.

Establishment Page 2, Note 1: Judge Grosscup, "Response to Address of George Peck," Proceedings in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit at Chicago, Oct. 1, 1901 (Chicago, 1901) p. 9-12 at p. 11; John P. Dolliver, Address Delivered in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1901, excerpted in Murat Halstead, The Illustrious Life of William McKinley (Chicago: Union Publishing House, 1901) p. 275. See also Address of Edwin Ellsworth Riley, Memorial Exercises of the Late President of the United States, William McKinley at the Hogan Opera House, Susquehanna, PA, Sept. 19, 1901 (Susquehanna: Journal Print, 1901) p. 16; Charles H. Grosvenor, William McKinley: His Life and Work (Washington: Continental Assembly, 1901) p. 13; F.W. Bristol, "William McKinley, Ideal American," Methodist Review 85, No. 6 (November-December 1903) p. 852; A. Elwood Corning, William McKinley: A Biographical Study (New York: Broadway Publishing Co., 1907) p. 178.

Establishment Page 2, Note 2: Ozora S. Davis, Steadying Forces in the Present National Crisis, Sermon Preached on the Occasion of the Death of President William McKinley, in Central Congregational Church, Sept. 15, 1901 (Newtonville, MA, 1901) p. 15; George R. Peck, "Address," Memorial Proceedings in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit at Chicago, Oct. 1, 1901 (Chicago, 1901).

Establishment Page 2, Note 3: Everett, Marshall, The Complete Life of William McKinley (Chicago: Chicago Bible House, 1901) , p. 403 (quoting Morgan Dix, Sermon Preached in Trinity Church, New York City, Sept. 15, 1901 (New York, 1901)); Rev. Dr. Tudor, "Address," Action of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia Following the Wounding and Death of President McKinley, Sept. 1901 (Richmond: J.P. Bell Co., 1901) p. 225-26.

Establishment Page 2, Note 4: Edward E. Hale, The President's Death, Address Delivered at the South Congregational Church, Boston, MA, Sept. 19, 1901 (Haverhill, MA: The Ariel Press, 1901) p 11.

Establishment Page 2, Note 5: Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage Books, 1989) p. 150, 152-53.

Establishment Page 3, Note 1: See e.g. Everett, p. 315; Charles Olcott, William McKinley Vol. 2 (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1916) p. 40; Sidney Fine, "Anarchism and the Assassination of McKinley," The American Historical Review, 60 (July 1955) p. 788 [available at jstor]; Peter Ausenhus, "Journalism in National Crises: A Cultural History of the Garfield and McKinley Assassinations," (Masters Thesis, University of Minnesotta, 1992) p. 89, 110. "Almost Lynched in Canton," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 19, 1901, p. 1; William T. Kuhns, Memories of Old Canton and My Personal Recollections of William McKinley (1937) p. 63.

Establishment Page 3, Note 2: John Shrady, William McKinley: Late President of the United States, Memorial Address to Surgeon Alexander Hamilton Post 182, G.A.R., New York City, Sept. 19, 1901 (New York, 1901) p. 7.

Establishment Page 3, Note 3: "The Duty of the Hour," Pittsfield Sun (MA) Sept. 14, 1901, p. 4.

Establishment Page 3, Note 4: Emma Goldman, "The Assassination of McKinley," The American Mercury 24 (September 1931) p. 53-55, 67. See also Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1959) p. 597; Eugene Debs, The Canton Ohio Speech, June 16, 1918, http://douglass.speech.nwu.edu/debs_a78.htm para.58-60.

Establishment Page 3, Note 5: Fine, p. 788-89; Hale, p. 14; "The Tragedy at Buffalo," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 16, 1901, p. 8; T. Gaillard Thomas, "Address," Memorial Services for the Late President of the United States Held in the Presbyterian Church at Southampton, New York, Sept. 19, 1901 (New York: Winthrop Press, 1901) p. 17; Algernon Sydney Crapsey, Political Crimes and Their Consequences (1901) n.p.; Martin L. Kutscher, "Newspapers as a Mirror of Death," Grief and the Meaning of the Funeral (O.S. Margolis et. al. eds.) (New York: MSS Information Corp., 1975) p. 197.

Establishment Page 3, Note 6: "The Universal Tribute," Pittsfield Sun (MA) Sept. 26, 1901, p. 4; Stratemeyer, p. 294-95

Establishment Page 4, Note 1: John W. Tyler, The Life of William McKinley, Soldier, Statesman and President (Philadelphia: P.W. Ziegler & Co., 1901) p. 324-25. At least five Jewish eulogies were published in the weeks after McKinley's death - equaling the total for all of the Southern states. Furthermore, at least 30 letters of condolence were sent to Ida McKinley from Jewish organizations in addition to the many letters sent by individual Jews. See e.g. E. Edward Wilson, p. 9, 19; McKinley Memorial Eulogies and Orations (New York: Winthrop Press, 1901). This souvenir book includes 3 Jewish sermons. See also McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 12, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH; and Commemorative Books.

Establishment Page 4, Note 2: Edward T. Roe, The Life of William McKinley (Laird & Lee, 1901) p. 9; McClure and Morris - p 387; James M. Beck, The Memory of McKinley (Philadelphia, 1908) p. 27; Jonathan Auerbach, "McKinley at Home: How Early American Cinema Made News," American Quarterly 51 (1999) p. 819 [available at project muse]; President McKinley's Funeral Cortege at Washington, DC (Thomas A. Edison, 1901) Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division, Washington, DC; McKinley's Funeral Entering Westlawn Cemetery, Canton (Thomas A. Edison, 1901) Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division, Washington, DC.

Establishment Page 4, Note 3: Every eulogy or biography that mentions the diversity of individuals mourning the President includes Southerners. See e.g. John T. Rose, Memorial Address Delivered in St. Peter's Church, Cazenovia, NY, Sept. 19, 1901 (1901) - n.p.; Charles H. Grosvenor, William McKinley: His Life and Work (Washington: Continental Assembly, 1901).

Establishment Page 4, Note 4: Olcott, Vol. 2, p. 327.

Establishment Page 4, Note 5: Everett, p. 411.

Establishment Page 5, Note 1: Biographers, exaggerating the popularity of President McKinley, overstated the number of mourners. Tens of thousands of spectators quickly became hundreds of thousands, which then became a million or more. One of the earliest biographers wrote that 50,000 people watched the funeral procession in Buffalo; 40,000 people saw the president's body in Washington; 30,000 viewed the catafalque in Canton; and 100,000 witnessed the procession in Canton. Marshell Everett, Complete Life of William McKinley and Story of His Assassination (Chicago: Chicago Bible House, 1901) p. 339, 370, 412, 384. An early, hopeful, account of the number of people who viewed the body in Buffalo is contained in the papers of George Cortelyou, the Private Secretary to President McKinley. Cortelyou kept a sheet of paper that read "Lying in state in City Hall Buffalo 9 ¼ hours. 75,000 people passed." McKinley Papers, Reel 81, Series 3, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, DC. A. Wesley Johns, The Man Who Shot McKinley (New York: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1970) p. 180 (150,000 in Buffalo); E. Edward Wilson, p. 35 (250,000 lined the train tracks in Pittsburgh); Halstead, p. 233 (200,000 attempted to see the body in Canton); Elizabeth Owen, Biography of William McKinley (Toledo, 1903) p. 29 (500,000 people saw the train between Buffalo and Washington); Snow, p. 74 (1,000,000 people saw the casket from Buffalo to Washington to Canton). Notably, a Southern White Newspaper downplayed the number of mourners. "Passing the Catafalque," The Commercial Advance (Memphis, TN) Sept. 18, 1901, p. 1 (25,000 in Washington).

Establishment Page 5, Note 2: Peck, p. 3; Auerbarch, p. 819.

Establishment Page 5, Note 3: J.B. Foraker, Tributes to William McKinley (Cincinatti, OH, 1901) p. 29; Memorial Observances of William McKinley by the City of Worcester, Massachusetts (Worcester, MA, 1902); "The Memorial Meeting in Pittsfield," Pittsfield Sun (MA) Sept. 26, 1901, p. 1; Henry M. King (ed.) Service in Memory of Our Deceased President William McKinley at the First Baptist Meeting House, Providence, RI, Sept. 19, 1901 (Providence, Rhode Island Publishing Co., 1901) p. 20; Charles Henry Fowler, Patriotic Orations (Carl Hitchcock Fowler, ed.) (New York: Eaton & Mains/Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham, 1910) p. 187; "Brooklyn's Day of Sorrow and Prayer," New York Times, Sept. 20, 1901, p. 4. See also McClure & Morris p. 384-85.

Establishment Page 5, Note 4:C. E. Manchester, Address at Canton, Ohio, Sept. 19, 1901, excerpted in Everett, p. 418.

Establishment Page 5, Note 5: "The Day of Mourning," New York Times, Sept. 20, 1901, p. 4. See also John W. Day, The Assassination of President McKinley, A Sermon Delivered Sept. 19, 1901 in Weston, MA (St. Louis: Nixon-Jones Co., 1901) n.p.; Anicento Valdivia, Review of the Memorial Services Held in Havana, Sept. 19, 1901 (Havana, La Moderna Poesia, 1901) p. 3; "Our Sorrow! Our Shame!," Pittsfield Sun (MA) Sept. 19, 1901, p. 4. See also David R. Collins, William McKinley: 25th President of the United States (Garrett Educational Corp., 1990) p. 114.

Establishment Page 6, Note 1: See e.g., See e.g. Letter, Clara L. Bennett to Ida McKinley, Sept. 11, 1901 (Colmesneil, TX); McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 6, Western Reserve Historic Society, Cleveland, Ohio; letter L.J.S. Bell to Ida McKinley, Nov. 29, 1901, McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 6, Western Reserve Historic Society, Cleveland, Ohio. This writer was an African American from Pearlington, Mississippi.

Establishment Page 6, Note 2: Letter, Eliza Henrietta Atwood to Ida McKinley, Sept. 18, 1901 (Evanston, IL) in McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 6, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH. See also Letter, Herbert Gensel to Ida McKinley, undated (Philadelphia, PA) McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 6, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH; Letter, Lester Barrett to Ida McKinley, Sept. 18, 1901 (New York, NY) in McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 6, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH.

Establishment Page 6, Note 3: See e.g. letter, Elizabeth C. Alsop to Ida McKinley, Dec., 1901 (Philadelphia, PA) in McKinley Papers, Reel 81, Series 3, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. See Appendix 1. Unfortunately, the letters can only be classed according to their origins and not by the race of the individuals who wrote them.

Establishment Page 6, Note 4: "James Benjamin Parker," The Sedalia Times (MO) Sept. 21, 1901, p. 1; E. Wilson, p. 23; "McKinley's Portrait," St. Louis Post Dispatch, Sept. 16, 1901, p. 1; "Mr. McKinley Pictures," New York Times, Sept. 15, 1901, p. 8; Everett, p. 346, 385; Fallows, p. 77.

Establishment Page 6, Note 5: M. Irwin Dunlap, Oration Delivered at Greenfield, Ohio, Sept. 19, 1901 (1901) n.p.; See e.g. The Public Services in Memory of William McKinley by the Citizens of Patterson, New Jersey at Eastside Park, Sept. 19, 1901 (Paterson, NJ: Frank Amiraux, 1901) p. 3; Howard Duffield, In Memoriam: President McKinley, A Memorial Address in the "Old First" Presbyterian Church in the City of New York on Sept. 19, 1901 (New York, 1901) p. 18.

Establishment Page 6, Note 6: Auerbach, p. 819-20. See Commemorative Books.

Establishment Page 6, Note 7: "The President's Death," Pittsfield Sun (MA) Sept. 19, 1901, p. 1; "Mourning in all the City's Homes," New York Times, Sept. 15, p. 8; Demand for Mourning Goods Unprecedented," New York Times, Sept. 15, p. 8; "President McKinley," Daughters of the American Revolution Monthly Magazine, 19 (July-December 1901) p. 443.

Establishment Page 7, Note 1: See Olcott p. 389-92; The McKinley Memorial in Philadephia (Philadephia: McKinley Memorial Association, 1909) p. 5; The National McKinley Birthplace Memorial (Niles, OH: National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Association, 1918) p. 19; The Nation's Memorial to William McKinley (Canton: McKinley National Memorial Association, 1913) p. 94-95; "McKinley Monument," Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly 17 (July 1908) p. 225; The Nation's Memorial to William McKinley (Canton: McKinley National Memorial Association, 1913) p. 94-94.

Establishment Page 7, Note 2: See McKinley Memorial Addresses Delivered at the Annual McKinley Day Banquet of the Tippecanoe Club, Cleveland, OH, Commemorating the Birth of William McKinley (Cleveland: Tippecanoe Club, 1913) p. 1; John Henry Bartlett, An Address Delivered on the Life of William McKinley at a McKinley Memorial Day Banquet, Dayton, OH, Jan. 27, 1928 (Hampton, N.H.: Rockingham Printing Co., 1928); William McKinley Memorial Tributes (Charles Ulysses Gordon, ed.) (Chicago: Marquette Club, 1943) p. 26-27; Olcott, p. 391.

Establishment Page 7, Note 3: Goldman, p. 61; Charles R. Skinner, "Story of McKinley's Assassination," State Service (New York) 3 (April 1919) p. 22; Fine, p. 785, 788; Kenneth R. Walker, "The Third Assassination," The New York Historical Society Quarterly 41 (October 1957) p. 420-21; "Socialists in Chicago," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 9, 1901, p. 1; "Mrs. Nation Angers a Coney Island Audience," New York Times, Sept. 9, 1901, p. 1; "Soldier Cursed the President," New York Times, Sept. 15, p. 1; "Editor Causes a Riot," New York Times, Sept. 15, 1901, p. 3.

Southern Grief Page 1, Note 1: Olcott, p. 293; Map 3.

Southern Grief Page 1, Note 2: Armstrong, p. 140 (citing letter, Robert O. Meade to Watt P. Marchman, Dec. 5, 1947, William McKinley Biographical File, Library of the Rutherford G. Hayes Presidential Center, Freemont, Ohio).

Southern Grief Page 1, Note 3: Armstrong, p. 143 (citing Shirley Donnelly, "General 'Tiger John' McClausland: The Man Who Burned Chambersburg," West Virginia History 23 (January 1962) p. 141).

Southern Grief Page 1, Note 4: K. Walker, p. 418; Editorial, Savannah Tribune, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 2; "Tarred and Feathered," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 12, 1901, p. 1. Wellington represented Maryland, though his sympathies were Southern.

Southern Grief Page 1, Note 5: "From the Confederates: Mrs. McKinley Tendered Sincere Words of Sympathy," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 26, 1901, p. 7; "Anarchists Hold Meeting," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 12, 1901, p. 1; "Outcry Against Anarchists," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 11, 1901, p. 1; "Pummeled by a Priest," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 9, 1901, p. 1; "Czolgosz is Cheered," The Commercial Advance (Memphis, TN) Sept. 10, p. 2; "John Goode, "Address," Action of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia Following the Wounding and Death of President McKinley (Richmond: J.P. Bell Co., 1901) p. 20-21; Rev. Dr. Tudor, "Address," Action of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia Following the Wounding and Death of President McKinley (Richmond: J.P. Bell Co., 1901) p. 24-27; "Assault Upon the President," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 12, 1901, p. 4; "Anarchists Hold Meeting," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 12, 1901, p. 1.

Southern Grief Page 1, Note 6: "Anarchists Hold Meeting," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 12, 1901, p. 1; "Fight with Anarchist Miners," New York Times, Sept. 9, 1901, p. 2.

Southern Grief Page 2, Note 1: Action of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia Following the Wounding and Death of President McKinley, Sept. 1901 (Richmond: J.P. Bell Co., 1901) p. 11; "Resolution," Headquarters, George E. Pickett Camp, Confederate Veterans, Richmond, VA, Sept. 16, 1901, McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 15, Western Reserve Historical Association, Cleveland, Ohio; Grosvenor, p. 69-70 (excerpt from editorial printed in the Birmingham Age-Herald).

Southern Grief Page 2, Note 2: "Dust to Dust," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 4. Blacks were very rarely mentioned. See "Beaufort in Mourning," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 16, 1901, p. 2; "Nunc Dimittis," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 14, 1901, p. 4.

Southern Grief Page 2, Note 3: Armstrong, p. 142; Halstead, p. 246; McKinley's Funeral Entering Westlawn Cemetery, Canton (Thomas A. Edison, 1901) Library of Congress Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division, Washington, DC.

Southern Grief Page 2, Note 4: "Day of Mourning and Sorrow in Jackson," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 26, 1901, p. 1; "McKinley Burial," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 8. "Mass Meeting in Chattanooga," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 16, 1901, p. 2; "McKinley Burial," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 8; "Mass Meeting Today," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 16, 1901, p. 2; "Sorrow of the City," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 17, 1901, p 7. On September 19, Memphis' Commercial Appeal reported that hundreds were turned away from a church were 2,000 mourners gathered while a second church was packed, though all the mourners who appeared seem to have been accommodated. "Memphis Mourns," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 4; "Union Protestant Church Memorials," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 7.

Southern Grief Page 2, Note 5: Quoted in Grosvenor, p. 151, 161.

Southern Grief Page 2, Note 6: Grosvenor, p. 154; "Assault upon the President," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 12, 1901, p. 4. See also "Sorrow in South Carolina," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 15, 1901, p. 1. McKinley is called a martyr once in the Charleston News and Courier. "The Dead President," News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 14, 1901, p. 4; See e.g. "Nunc Dimittis," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 14, 1901, p. 4; "A Life of Devotion to Duty," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 14, 1901, p. 2; "William McKinley: A Sketch of the Nation's Ruler," The Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 19, 1901, p. 6. McKinley very rarely called a martyr in the South. See "Touching Scene: The End of the Martyred President," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 19, 1901, p. 1.

Southern Grief Page 2, Note 7: "Day of Mourning and Sorrow in Jackson," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 26, 1901, p. 1. See also "Mourning in Summerville," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 19, 1901, p. 2; "Deep Sorrow and Sympathy," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 7.

Southern Grief Page 3, Note 1: See e.g. "A Unity of Sentiment," The Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 12, 1901, p. 4; "The President Still Lives," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 7, 1901, p. 1-2; "The Voices of the South," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 15, 1901, p 1; "McKinley's Funeral," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 17, 1901, p. 1; "McKinley Burial Day," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 1; Editorial, The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 15, 1901, p. 8.

Southern Grief Page 3, Note 2: "Our Place in the Picture," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 18, 1901, p. 1; "The Old and the New," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 16, 1901, p.1

Southern Grief Page 3, Note 3: "Blossoms from Nashville," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 20, p. 2.

Southern Grief Page 3, Note 4: See Ben W. Hosmer, Memorial Address on the Life and Character of William McKinley, Delivered at Hoople, ND, Sept. 19, 1901 (Hoople, ND, 1901) - publisher's notice; Henry C. Nowland, "Address," Memorial Services for the Late President of the United States Held in the Presbyterian Church at Southhampton, New York, Sept. 19, 1901 (New York: Winthrop Press, 1901) p. 23.

Southern Grief Page 3, Note 5: Proclamation, John B. Gordon Camp of the Atlanta, Ga., Sons of Confederate Veterans, Sept. 16, 1901, McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 15, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH; See also "Memphis Mourns," The Commercial Advance (Memphis, TN) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 4; Grosvenor, p. 69 (excerpt from editorial printed in the Birmingham Age-Herald) p. 160 (quoting the message from the Governor of South Carolina); Letter, George Clifton, Eureka Springs, AR, Sept. 10, 1901, McKinley Papers, Folder 5, Container 6, Western Reserve Historical Society Library, Cleveland, OH.

Southern Grief Page 3, Note 6: "President McKinley," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger Sept. 26, 1901, p. 7; Editorial, Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 12, 1901, p. 4. See also "Our New President," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 19, 1901, p. 4; "Theodore Roosevelt," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 15, p. 4; "The New President," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 12, 1901, p. 4; "The President and the People," New York Times, Sept. 15, 1901, p. 4.

Southern Grief Page 4, Note 1: "Theodore Roosevelt," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 15, 1901, p. 4; "Our New President," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 19, 1901, p. 4; Richmond Dispatch editorial quoted in John Hope Franklin & Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988, p. 178..

Southern Grief Page 4, Note 2: Letter, Nona M. Allen to Ida McKinley, Oct. 19, 1901 (Hunstville, AL)

Southern Grief Page 4, Note 3: See Map 1; Appendix 1. It is difficult to calculate the number of letters from African Americans as they often did not describe themselves as Black or "Colored."

Southern Grief Page 5, Note 1: "William McKinley," Pittsfield Sun (MA) Sept. 19, 1901, p. 4; "Senator Hoar's Tribute," New York Times, Sept. 19, 1901, p.2; "Flags at Half-Mast," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 15, 1901, p. 8; "Local Signs of Sorrow," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 15, p. 6 (noted two instances in Memphis); "Deep Sorrow and Sympathy," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 20, 1901, p. 7.

Southern Grief Page 5, Note 2: "Death of Colonel Power," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Sept. 26, 1901; "Collections for Power Memorial," Jackson Weekly Clarion-Ledger, Nov. 7, 1901, p. 4. The Nation's Memorial to William McKinley (Canton: McKinley National Memorial Association, 1913) p. 95.

Southern Grief Page 5, Note 3: See Map 2 and Appendix 2. There is no way to determine what percentage of these contributions were made by African Americans and so the terms 'Northerner' and 'Southerner' in this context includes both races.

Southern Grief Page 5, Note 4: Fine, p. 789-92.

Southern Grief Page 6, Note 1: Congressional Record, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 35, Pt. 7 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902) p. 6507-08; Congressional Record, 57th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 35, Pt. 3 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902) p. 3129.

Southern Grief Page 6, Note 2: Fine, p. 792.

Southern Grief Page 6, Note 3: Michael Davis, The Image of Lincoln in the South, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1971, p. 135-43, 158-59; Schwartz, Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000) p. 277. Davis and Schwartz argue that reconciliation was in full bloom before World War One. Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, p. 146-47, 244; Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877-1920, New York: Hill and Wang, 1967m o, 301; Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Books, 1992) p. 310-38.

Southern Grief Page 6, Note 4: O'Leary, p. 148. See also Ayers, p. 310.

Southern Grief Page 6, Note 5: Quoted in Ayers, p. 332.

Black Experience Page 1 Note 1: Grimké, Archibald, "Open Letter to President McKinley by Colored People of Massachusetts" (Boston, 1899) [at American Memory website].

Black Experience Page 1, Note 2: "President McKinley and Lynching," Cleveland Gazette, Dec. 30, 1899, p. 2; Clarence A. Bacote, Negro Office Holders in Georgia Under President McKinley," Journal of Negro History 44 (July 1959) p. 236-37; Armstrong, p. 137; Michael Goldstein, "Preface to the Rise of Booker T. Washington: A View From New York City of the Demise of Independent Black Politics, 1889-1902," Journal of Negro History 62 (January 1977) p. 87-89.

Black Experience Page1, Note 3: Editorial, Savannah Tribune, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 2. See also Editorial, The Sedalia Times (MO) Oct. 26, 1901, p. 2; "Assassinations," The Freeman (Indianapolis, IN) Sept. 21, 1901, p. 4; "Wipe Out Anarchy and Lynch Law," Washington Bee, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 1; Algernon Sydney Crapsey, Political Crimes and Their Consequences (1901) np.; C.T. Walker, In Memoriam of William McKinley, Public Memorial Services under the Auspicies of the Saloonmen's Protective Union, No. 1, New York, held at Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Oct. 8, 1901 (New York, 1901) np.; Booker T. Washington, "The Nation's Crime," In Memoriam of William McKinley, Public Memorial Services under the Auspicies of the Saloonmen's Protective Union, No. 1, New York, held at Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Oct. 8, 1901 (New York, 1901) np. [avalable at history cooperative]; Francis J. Grimke, Some Lessons From the Assassination of William McKinley, Sept. 22, 1901, Sermon Delivered at the 15th Street Presbyterian Church, Washington, DC (Washington, 1901) p. 11

Black Experience Page 2, Note 1: "The Power of the President." Washington Bee, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 4.

Black Experience Page 2, Note 2: Fallows, p. 77-78.

Black Experience Page 2, Note 3: "Our Lamented Chief," Savannah Tribune, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 2; "Honoring Our Late President," Washington Bee, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 1; "The Assassin's Shot," Washington Bee, Sept. 14, 1901, p. 4; C.T. Walker (ed.) In Memoriam of William McKinley, Public Memorial Services under the Auspicies of the Saloonmen's Protective Union, No. 1, held at Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, New York, Oct. 8, 1901 (New York, 1901) n.p.

Black Experience Page 2, Note 4: "Monument to President McKinley," Washington Bee, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 1; "Our Dead President," Washington Bee, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 4. See also "Our Lamented Chief," Savannah Tribune, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 2; "Senator Cockrell's Tribute," The Sadalia Times (MO) Sept. 29, 1901, p. 1; "Assassinations," The Freeman (Indianaplis, IN) Sept. 21, 1901, p. 4; McKinley is mentioned as a martyr in the title of one article printed in the Savannah Tribune, "Martyr's Body in State," Savannah Tribune, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 6.

Black Experience Page 2, Note 5: "Memorial Services," The Freeman (Indianapolis, IN) Sept. 28, 1901, p. 1.

Black Experience Page 3, Note 1: Letter, Auxiliary Committee to the McKinley National Memorial Association to unknown, Dec. 4, 1901 (Cleveland) George A. Myers Papers, Ohio Historical Center Archives, Columbus, Ohio, available at Ohio History; "Monument to President McKinley," Washington Bee, Sept. 21, 1901, p. 1; "McKinley's Birthday," Cleveland Advocate, Jan. 24, 1901, p. 8.

Black Experience Page 3, Note 2: Letter to Ida McKinley, Sept. 19, 1901 (Pass Christian, MS) William McKinley Papers, Folder 5, Container 15, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH. It is impossible to determine the number of letters sent to Ida McKinley by African Americans. Some of the letters refer to the writer as "Negro" or "Colored" but many do not. See McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 6-15, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH. Ozora S. Davis, Steadying Forces in the Present National Crisis, Sermon Preached on the Occasion of the Death of President William McKinley, in Central Congregational Church, Sept. 15, 1901 (Newtonville, MA, 1901) p. 15.

Black Experience Page 3, Note 3: Letter, O. Edgard Lewis to George Cortelyou, Sept. 26, 1901 (New York, NY) McKinley Papers, Reel 81, Ser. 3, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

Black Experience Page 3, Note 4: "The President Still Lives!," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 7, 1901, p. 1; "President McKinley Shot," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 7, 1901; "Story of the Attempt by Anarchist Czolgosz to Kill the President," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 2; "How the Deed was Done," New York Times, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 1.

Black Experience Page 4, Note 1: Hans Robert Jauss, "Levels of Identification of Hero and Audience," New Literary History, 5 (1973-74) p. 303; Reinbert Tabbert and Kristin Wardetzky, "On the Success of Children's Books and Fairy Tales: A Comparative View of Impact Theory and Reception Research," The Lion and the Unicorn 19 (1995) p. 1 [available at project muse].

Black Experience Page 4, Note 2: Reception theory suggests that authors consciously comply with the desires and expectations of their readers. See Hans Robert Jauss, Toward and Aesthetic of Reception (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982) p. 15; Wolfgang Iser, The Implied Reader: Patterns of Communication in Prose Fiction From Bunyon to Beckett (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974) p. xi-xiv; Tabbert and Wardetzky. p. 1.

Black Experience Page 4, Note 3: "Fair Play to the Negro - Black Man's Hand Saved the President From a Third Shot," Washington Bee, Sept. 14, 1901, p. 1; "James B. Parker," The New York Age, Sept. 26, 1901, p. 4.

Black Experience Page 4, Note 4: F. Grimke, p. 8; "James B. Parker" (poem) In Memoriam of William McKinley, Public Memorial Services under the Auspicies of the Saloonmen's Protective Union, No. 1, New York, held at Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Oct. 8, 1901 (New York, 1901) np.; Ozora S. Davis, p. 8; Letter O. Edgard Lewis to George Cortelyou, Sept. 28, 1901, McKinley Papers, Reel 81, Ser. 3, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

Black Experience Page 5, Note 1: "What Fools We Mortals Be," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 11, 1901, p. 1; "Parker to be Rewarded," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 12, 1901, p. 1; "Capitalized his Fame," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 11, p. 2; "Who Captured Czolgosz," The News and Courier (Charleston, SC) Sept. 11, 1901, p. 1; "Credit for the Arrest," The Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN) Sept. 15, 1901, p. 2. Interestingly, it was the New York Times that first began to question Parker's role, however, he was not completely erased until September 14. "Caught the Assassin," New York Times, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 1; "Boston Witness' Story," New York Times, Sept. 8, 1901, p. 2; "Official Report of the Assassination," New York Times, Sept. 14, 1901, p. 3.

Black Experience Page 5, Note 2: "James Benjamin Parker," The Sedalia Times (MO) Sept. 21, 1901, p. 1; "Story of the Attempt by Anarchist Czolgosz to Kill the President," St. Louis Post Dispatch, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 2; Everett, p. 40.

Black Experience Page 5, Note 3: Bacote, p. 238 (citing The Atlanta Journal, Sept. 7 and Sept. 11, 1901); Thomas Cox Meech, William McKinley: Private and President (London: S.W. Partridge & Co., 1901) p. 139; Edward S. Ellis, The Life of William McKinley (New York: Street & Smith Pub., 1901) p. 204; Everett, p. 35.

Black Experience Page 5, Note 4: Roe, p. 151-52; Samuel Fallows, Life of William McKinley our Martyred President (Chicago: Regan Printing House, 1901) p. 14; Haltstead, p. 38; John W. Tyler, p. 194; Stratemeyer, p. 287. See also Oskar King Davis & John K. Mumford, The Life of William McKinley (New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1901) p. 122; Brandegee, p. 31; John W. Tyler, p. 202-03 [Tyler included two accounts in his biography]; Olcott, p. 315; Leech, p. 595; H. Wayne Morgan, William McKinley and His America (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1963) p. 521. Interestingly, once something is in print, it is difficult to eliminate and two articles published after the First World War mention Parker's role again. Skinner, p. 21-22; Walker, p. 411.

Black Experience Page 5, Note 5: Alexander K. McClure and Charles Morris, The Authentic Life of William McKinley (New York: Western W. Wilson, 1901) p. 316.

Black Experience Page 5, Note 6: "Fair Play to the Negro - Black Man's Hand Saved the President From a Third Shot," Washington Bee, Sept. 14, 1901, p. 1; "M'Kinley's Colored Defender," Savannah Tribune, Sept. 14, 1901, p. 1; "James B. Parker," The New York Age, Sept. 26, 1901, p. 4; Editorial, The Sedalia Times (MO) Sept. 21, 1901, p. 2; "M'Kinley's Colored Defender," Savannah Tribune, Sept. 14, 1901, p. 1; Editorial, The Sedalia Times (MO) Sept. 21, 1901, p. 2; Walter Channing, "The Mental Status of Czolgosz, the Assassin of President McKinley," American Journal of Insanity, 59, No. 2 (1902) p. 23.

Black Experience Page 6, Note 1: H.E. Baker, "Fair Play to the Negro," Washington Bee, Sept. 14, 1901, p. 1. See also "James Benjamin Parker," The Sedalia Times (MO) Sept. 21, 1901, p. 1 (imagining that Parker is adored by Whites in Philadelphia and Nebraska); "He Saved McKinley's Life, Cleveland Gazette, Sept. 14, 1901, p. 1.

Conclusion 1, Note 1: Bristol, p. 849

Conclusion 1, Note 2: Ausenhus, p. 91, 106-07.

Conclusion 1, Note 3: Jauss (1973-74) p. 296.

Conclusion 1, Note 4: Angie F. Newman, McKinley Carnations of Memory (New York: Mail and Express Job Print, 1904) p. 63.

Conclusion 1, Note 5: "Moves McKinley Monument," New York Times, April 18, 1905, p. 9; "Halt on McKinley Hall: Ohio Appropriation Expended - $20,000 needed to finish it," New York Times, April 23, 1905, p. 2.

Conclusion 1, Note 6: Kenneth R. Walker, "The Third Assassination," The New York State Historical Society Quarterly 4 (October 1957) p. 418; John Hay, "Memorial Address on the Life and Character of William McKinley," Delivered Before the Two Houses of Congress, Feb. 27, 1902, Washington, DC in Memorial Addresses Delivered Before the Two Houses of Congress on the Life and Character of Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield and William McKinley (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1903); Frank B. Brandegee, Address on the Life, Character, and Public Services of William McKinley, Delivered Before the McKinley Association of Connecticut, Jan. 29, 1904 (Washington: Judd & Detweiler Printers, 1904); Proposal to Build a Monument and Memorial to William McKinley at Niles, Ohio, the Place of his Birth (Niles, OH: National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Association, 1914) p. 7.

Conclusion 2, Note 1: Nicholas Murray Butler, William McKinley and Twenty Years After (New York, 1920) p. 2; Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley (Lawrence, KS: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1980) p. 252.

Conclusion 2, Note 2: The National McKinley Birthplace Memorial (1918) p. 59; "Flags in McKinley's Memory," New York Times, Jan. 29, 1918, p. 6

Conclusion 2, Note 3: This contrasts with the success of Lincoln's Birthday and the annual Lincoln dinner, an event that remained popular through the 1930s. See Andrew B. Humphrey letter to Charles U. Gordon, Jan. 27, 1936 in William McKinley Memorial Tributes (Chicago: Marquette Club, 1943) Charles Ulysses Gordon (ed) p. 14. McKinley enjoyed a last hurrah on the 100th anniversary of his birth when three commemorative editions, a proclamation by the Governor of Ohio and a brief tribute by the United States House of Representatives were issued. See Commemorative Booklets; William McKinley Memorial Tributes (Chicago: Marquette Club, 1943) Charles Ulysses Gordon (ed) p. 82; "House Honors McKinley," New York Times, Jan. 29, 1943, p. 38.

Conclusion 2, Note 4: Anderson, p. 9-10; Marc Redfield, "Imagi-Nation: The Imagined Community and the Aesthetics of Mourning, Diacritics 29 (1999) p. 68-69; Eric Hobsbawm, "Mass Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914," in The Invention of Tradition (Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds.) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997) 263-271; Deitmar Schirmer, "Nation-Building and Nation Buildings: Washington Art and Architecture and the Symbols of American Nationalism," German and American Nationalism: A Comparative Perspective (Hartmunt Lehmann and Hermann Wellenreuther, eds.) (New York: Berg, 1999) p. 126; Kathryn Fanning, "American Temples: Presidential Memorials of the American Renaissance" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1996); Ausenhus, p. 84; Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995) p. 27-28.

Conclusion 2, Note 5:"Atlanta Unveils McKinley Memorial," New York Times, July 5, 1921, p. 4; "Thomasville, GA Marks Oriental Sycamore Trees Presented to Town When McKinley was President," New York Times, Mar. 22, 1931, p. 5. See Appendix 2. Again, it is difficult to know which songs were written by Blacks and which by Whites, the only Southern Song that can be identified was written by Janice Brown to Ida McKinley, Oct. 18, 1901 (Brunswick, GA) McKinley Papers, Container 5, Folder 14, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, OH. This Janice Brown apparently wrote a second song for a New York audience. Janice Brown Garnett, "A Tribute to Our Honored Dead," In Memoriam of William McKinley, Public Memorial Services under the Auspices of the Saloonmen's Protective Union, No. 1, New York, held at Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Oct. 8, 1901 (New York, 1901). Both were from Brunswick, Georgia.

Conclusion 2, Note 6: "McKinley's Birthday," Cleveland Gazette, Jan. 24, 1920, p. 8.