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| Workshop Wrap Up Some Valuable US History Websites Introduction to Post-1945 US History Websites:
Some Valuable US History Websites American Memory (Library of Congress) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/amhome.html This expansive archive of American history and culture features photographs, prints, motion pictures, manuscripts, maps, and sound recordings going back to roughly 1490. This site offers more than seven million digital items from more than 100 collections on subjects ranging from African-American political pamphlets to California folk music, from baseball to the Civil War. History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web (CHNM, George Mason University) http://historymatters.gmu.edu Designed for teachers of U.S. History survey courses at high schools and colleges around the world, History Matters provides a range of resources, including: 900 primary documents in text, image, and audio; an annotated guide to 700 of the best U.S. History websites; guides to using various kinds of online primary sources, such as oral history and maps; and moderated discussions about teaching. Do History (Film Study Center, Harvard University) http://DoHistory.org/ This experimental, interactive case study explores the remarkable 18th-century diary of midwife Martha Ballard, including two versions of the 1400-page diary, facsimile and transcribed full-text; more than 300 documents, interactive exercises, and teaching resources. Emergence of Advertising in America: 1850-1920 (Duke University Digital Scriptorium) http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/eaa/ Contains images of more than 9,000 advertising items and publications dating from 1850 to 1920, illustrating consumer culture in America. See also Ad*Access (http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/adaccess/) which presents more than 7,000 advertisements from 1911 to 1955. Making of America (University of Michigan) http://moa.umdl.umich.edu/ This site is a "digital library" of thousands of primary documents in American social history from the Antebellum period through Reconstruction. It offers more than 3 million pages of text from 10,000 volumes and 50,000 journal articles. WPA Life Histories, Virginia Interviews http://ajax.lva.lib.va.us/F/?func=file&file_name=find-b-clas06&local_base=CLAS06 Provides 1,350 life histories and youth studies created by the Virginia Writers' Project (VWP)-part of the Works Progress Administration Federal Writers' Project‹between 1938 and 1941. Also offers more than 50 interviews with ex-slaves conducted by the VWP's all-black Virginia Negro Studies unit in 1936 and 1937 and six VWP folklore studies produced between 1937 and 1942. Wright American Fiction, 1851-1875 (Indiana University Digital Library Program) http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/web/w/wright2/ An ambitious attempt to digitize "every novel published in the United States from 1851 to 1875," this collection of texts is a work-in-progress. Most valuable is the ability to perform word searches on the whole database. The Great Chicago Fire and the Web of Memory (Chicago Hist. Soc. & Northwestern Univ.) http://www.chicagohs.org/fire/index.html This exhibit commemorates the 125th anniversary of the Great Chicago Fire (1871). Offers an array of primary sources. "The Great Chicago Fire" examines the fire through five chronological chapters, while "The Web of Memory," focuses on the ways in which the fire has been remembered. Remembering Jim Crow (American RadioWorks) http://www.americanradioworks.org/features/remembering/ A companion to the NPR radio documentary on segregated life in the South, this site presents audio excerpts and photographs addressing social and cultural aspects of segregation, black community life, and black resistance as well as different reflections on Jim Crow by African Americans and whites. Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War (University of Virginia) http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/ A massive, searchable archive of thousands of pages of maps, images, letters, diaries, newspapers, and church, agricultural, military, and public records-all relating to two communities, Staunton, Virginia, and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, before, during, and after the Civil War. The New Deal Network (Roosevelt Institute and Institute for Learning Technologies) http://newdeal.feri.org/ A database of more than 20,000 items relating to the New Deal, including newspaper and journal articles, speeches, letters, reports, advertisements, and other textual materials, more than 4,000 images, and featured exhibits, many with lesson plan suggestions. Africans in America (PBS Online) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/ This companion to the PBS series, Africans in America, traces the history of Africans in America in four chronological parts: "The Terrible Transformation" (1450-1750); "Revolution" (1750-1805); "Brotherly Love" (1791-1831); and "Judgment Day" (1831-1865). The site offers 200 primary documents, 75 images and maps, and brief descriptions by historians. Teacher guides offer ideas for questions, activities, and lessons for elementary and secondary students. A bit difficult to navigate, but worth the trouble. The Digital Classroom (National Archives and Records Administration) http://www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/index.html A series of activities, primary documents, lesson plans, links, and worksheets designed to help teachers use archival documents in the classroom. Includes 20 thematically-oriented teaching activities and 35 lessons and activities organized around constitutional issues. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History (Steven Mintz, Sara McNeil) http://www.gliah.uh.edu/index.cfm More than 600 documents pertaining to American politics, diplomacy, social history, slavery, Mexican American history, and Native American history, searchable by author, time period, subject, and keyword. Multimedia resources and links for teaching American history. Also includes five high school lesson plans; 39 fact sheets on major historical topics; and 10 essays on past controversies. The Avalon Project (Yale Law School, International Relations and Security Network) http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm More than 600 full-text documents relevant to the fields of law, history, economics, politics, diplomacy, and government. The documents are divided by century and each contains at least 150 full-text documents including treaties, presidential papers and addresses, and state and federal documents. The documents are grouped into 53 Major Collection categories as well, such as American diplomacy or the Cold War. A History Teacher's Bag of Tricks (Area 3 History and Cultures Project) http://marchand.ucdavis.edu/index.shtml Offers 48 lessons designed by Roland Marchand, a historian who taught at University of California, Davis, until his death in 1997. Each lesson (6 middle school; 20 high school; 22 college) includes an introduction, assignment, and primary documents. In addition, the slide library contains more than 6,100 images-organized into 40 major categories and 187 subcategories-drawn from Marchand's collection. Introduction to Post-1945 US History Websites American Culture The Literature and Culture of the American 1950s (Al Filreis, Univ. of Pennsylvania) http://dept.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/home.html This site presents more than 100 primary texts, essays, biographical sketches, obituaries, book reviews, and partially annotated links relating to the culture and politics of the 1950s. Organized alphabetically and according to lesson plans, this eclectic collection includes short stories by communist writer Howard Fast; texts of two Woody Guthrie songs; entries from the Encyclopedia of the American Left; excerpts from Vance Packard's The Status Seekers (1959); items concerning McCarthyism; and selected texts. The site also offers materials about the 1930s and 1960s, as well as retrospective analyses of the postwar period. Fifty Years of Coca-Cola Television Advertisements (American Memory, Library of Congress) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colahome.html This site contains highlights of Coca-Cola television advertisements, including 50 commercials, broadcast outtakes, and experimental footage. There are five examples of stop-motion advertisements from the mid-1950s, 18 experiments with color for television ads, and well-known commercials, such as the "Hilltop" commercial featuring the song "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke" (1971); the "Mean Joe Greene" commercial (1979); the first "Polar Bear" commercial (1993); and "First Experience." Herblock's History: Political Cartoons from the Crash to the Millennium (Library of Congress) http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/ An exhibit of 135 cartoons drawn between 1929 and 2000 by three-time Pulitzer Prize-winning political cartoonist Herblock (Herbert Block) that comment on major events and public issues. The site also presents an essay by Block on "the cartoon as an opinion medium"; a biographical essay; and 15 caricatures of the cartoonist. Organized according to 13 chronological sections, with an additional segment devoted to Presidents. Civil Rights The Martin Luther King, Jr., Papers Project (Stanford University) http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/ Features texts by and about Martin Luther King, Jr., including more than 100 speeches, sermons, and other writings. In addition, 15 chapters of materials collected from diverse sources and published by the Project in 1998 as The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. are available. Includes important sermons and speeches such as the 1963 "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," the March on Washington address; the Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech; and "Rediscovering Lost Values," a sermon from 1954. The site also provides an interactive chronology of King's life, a 1,000-word biographical essay; and 23 audio files of recorded speeches and sermons. Voices of the Civil Rights Era (Webcorp) http://www.webcorp.com/civilrights/index.htm Audio clips of speeches by three prominent public figures of the early 1960s: six from John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address, which reflect the "doomed idealism" of the early 1960s; five from Martin Luther King Jr's 1963 March on Washington speech; and 11 demonstrating Malcolm X's oratory prior to his pilgrimage to Mecca. Audio components are introduced by very brief remarks. The Central High Crisis: Little Rock 1957 (Little Rock Newspapers, Inc.) http://www.ardemgaz.com/prev/central/ A collection of articles and photographs from two Arkansas newspapers covering the crisis in the city of Little Rock when governor Orval Faubus refused to allow nine African-American students to attend the all-white Central High School, despite Federal court rulings to the contrary. The site includes news articles and editorials from each day of the month-long crisis. Additional materials address the 40th anniversary of the crisis in 1997. The site also timelines and a "Who's Who" of participants. Civil Rights in Mississippi Digital Archive (Univ. Southern Mississippi, Center for Oral History) http://www.lib.usm.edu/~spcol/crda/oh/index.html This website offers 125 oral histories relating to the civil rights movement, including interviews with civil rights leaders like Charles Cobb, Charles Evers, and Aaron Henry. It also offers oral history information about prominent figures on both sides of the civil rights movement, such as "race-baiting" Governor Ross Barnett, national White Citizens Council leader William J. Simmons, and State Sovereignty leader Erle Johnston. The alphabetical interview index offers a 50-100 word biography of each subject, as well as information on the date and place of the interview. The site promises digitized manuscript and photograph resources in the future. Foreign Policy and Relations The Real Thirteen Days: Hidden History of the Cuban Missile (National Security Archive) http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/ Full-text images of 17 declassified documents, such as a CIA Intelligence Estimate, correspondence, memoranda, and a post-mortem on the crisis, as well as eight audio clips of White House security briefings, spyplane photographs of missile launch sites. The site also offers a chronology of events, a 1000-word essay critical of the film Thirteen Days, a 1500-word essay looking back on the Cold War, and excerpts from seven accounts of the crisis. Korea + 50: No Longer Forgotten (Truman and Eisenhower Presidential Libraries) http://www.trumanlibrary.org/korea/ More than 200 official documents, nine oral histories, and more than 70 photographs pertaining to the pursuance of the Korean War by the administrations of Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Provides day-by-day access covering June 24-September 14, 1950-and more sporadic contributions during subsequent periods-to diplomatic and military documents and accounts by administration officials, including correspondence, speeches, memos, reports, and briefing papers. Also includes extensive "Korean War Teacher Activity" from a high school in Independence, MO. National Security Action Memoranda of John F. Kennedy (John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library) http://www.jfklibrary.org/nsam.htm This site provides access to 272 facsimiles of National Security Action (NSA) memoranda written by President John F. Kennedy or by McGeorge Bundy, his NSA advisor. Topics include training of Cuban nationals, U.S. forces in Vietnam, Berlin, and civil defense. The documents are indexed by NSA numbers from February 1961 to November 1963. There is a 100-word introduction to the collection, but no contextual material or annotations. The American Experience: Vietnam Online (PBS and WGBH) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/index.html Companion to the PBS series, Vietnam: A Television History. Transcripts are available for each episode, from the "Roots of a War" to "The End of the Tunnel." "Who¹s Who" provides photographs and profiles of 41 major figures and a timeline covers 1945 to 1997. Twelve personal reflections of the war include the memories of a Vietnamese-born American poet, a U.S. marine, a soldier who guarded the Ho Chi Minh trail, and a Red Cross aid worker. One essay describes the My Lai massacre and another essay discusses the continuing issue of prisoners of war and soldiers missing in action. Legal History The Oyez Project: U.S. Supreme Court Multimedia Database (Jerry Goldman, Northwestern University) http://www.oyez.org/oyez/frontpage Vast number of historical documents on cases heard before the Supreme Court. Includes abstracts of more than 1,200 Court opinions and audio files with more than 1,500 hours of oral arguments for cases going back to 1955. It includes such famous cases as Roe v. Wade (abortion), Baker v. Carr (one person-one vote), and Bush v. Gore. Politics and Presidents The Living Room Candidate: A History of Presidential Campaign Commercials, 1952-2000 (American Museum of the Moving Image) http://www.ammi.org/livingroomcandidate/ Offers 183 television commercials used since 1952 to sell presidential candidates to the American public and an annotated guide to 21 websites created for the 1996 and 2000 elections. Ads are accessible by year as well as by common themes and strategies, such as 'Looking Presidential,' 'Attack Ads,' 'Family Man,' and 'Real People.' Includes analysis of ad strategies as well as a program guide and teacher's guide intended for high school. History and Politics Out Loud (Jerry Goldman, Northwestern University) http://www.hpol.org/ Audio materials of significant 20th-century events and people, including speeches, addresses, and private telephone conversations. Most material comes from three U.S. presidents-Richard M. Nixon (34 items); Lyndon Baines Johnson (30 items); and John F. Kennedy (19 items). Project Whistlestop (Truman Digital Archive Project) http://www.whistlestop.org Offers more than 400 selected documents and photographs organized into broad topics, from the decision to drop the atomic bomb to the Marshall Plan, from the 1948 Presidential campaign to the Korean War. Each study collection includes a chronology, diary entries, official documents, and related items. Sixty teaching units, lesson plans, and classroom activities include 24 elementary school projects, 21 middle school activities, and 22 plans for high school students. Teachers can also create their own interactive Internet lessons for students tailored to grade level and specific themes. Study collections are searchable by keyword, collection folder, catalog records, or historical timeline. Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/ These 64 oral history interviews include Dean Rusk, Johnson's secretary, Bess Abell, Robert MacNamara, Thurgood Marshall, and Billy Graham. The site provides transcribed samples of recorded telephone conversations and links to a C-SPAN collection of more than 800 transcribed recorded excerpts and full conversations Johnson had while in office. A selection of 20 speeches and nine messages to Congress are available in transcription and address issues such as the Great Society and limitations on the war in Vietnam. Facsimiles of 98 National Security Action memoranda discuss policies towards Vietnam, nuclear weapons, and Latin America, among other issues. Watergate 25 (Washington Post) http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/splash1a.htm Commemorates the 25th anniversary of the Watergate burglary. A detailed timeline covers events from Nixon's election in November 1968 to his resignation in August 1974. Biographies introduce 20 "key players," including Pat Buchanan, John Ehrlichman, H. R. Halderman, G. Gordon Liddy, and Donald Segretti, while another section details the reforms enacted in response, from the Ethics Rules to efforts to enforce Campaign Spending Limits. One essay explores the identity of Deep Throat, while another examines the impact of the story on the newspaper. Teachers and students can read transcripts of online interviews with Bob Woodward and Ben Bradlee or search for related stories. Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum (University of Texas) http://www.ford.utexas.edu/ Offers a biography, 120 photographs, and documents about Vietnam. In addition 41 National Security Study memos and 83 National Security Decision memos address Israeli military requirements, the classification of nuclear safeguards, and U.S. policy for Antarctica. Social Reform Sixties Project & Viet Nam Generation (Viet Nam Generation, Inc., University of Virginia) http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/ Resource for teaching and researching America in the 1960s and during the Viet Nam War. The site contains links to 17 primary documents, including materials from the Black Panther Party, the Free Speech Movement, and GI's United Against War in Viet Nam. More than 100 images of political buttons and posters and a full-text version of Vietnam: An Antiwar Comic Book, written by civil rights activist Julian Bond. Additional items on the site include five keyword searchable, full-text back issues of Viet Nam Generation and 10 syllabi for courses on the 1960s and the Vietnam War. Visitors may contribute their own personal narratives about the 1960s (the quality and accuracy of these personal narratives are not controlled and should be used with caution). Free Speech Movement: Student Protest, U.C. Berkeley, 1964-65 (UC, Berkeley, Bancroft Library) http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/FSM/ Rich archive of material on the Berkeley Free Speech Movement (FSM). Printed material includes five books, 29 leaflets produced by the FSM, 55 letters to and from FSM activists, 11 local radical newsletters, 21 press releases, and six speeches. Visitors may read complete transcripts of 10 oral histories: eight with university administrators and faculty; two with FSM activists. A collection of legal documents includes 40 pages of trial transcripts and 400 letters from FSM activists to Judge Rupert Crittenden, who presided over their trials. This site also provides 96 photographs of FSM rallies and sit-ins taken by Ronald L. Enfield in 1964 and 1965. The site may be searched by subject, but is somewhat difficult to navigate because pages within the collection do not link directly to an index or the collection's home page. The Whole World Was Watching: An Oral History of 1968 (South Kingston School, Brown Univ.) http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/1968/ This site contains transcripts, audio recordings, and edited stories from interviews conducted in the spring of 1998 by sophomores at South Kingstown High School, Rhode Island, about their recollections of 1968. These narratives, including references to the Vietnam War, Civil Rights movement, and the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, as well as personal memories, are a living history of one of the most tumultuous years in U.S. history. Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement (Digital Scriptorium, Duke University) http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ More than 50 documents-including journal and newspaper articles, speeches, papers, manifestoes, essays, press releases, organization statements, songs, and poems-concerning the women's liberation movement, with a focus on U.S. activity in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Organized into eight subject headings-General and Theoretical; Medical and Reproductive Rights; Music; Organizations and Activism; Sexuality and Lesbian Feminism; Socialist Feminism; Women of Color; and Women's Work and Roles-and searchable by keyword. Slavery and Emancipation The African American Odyssey (Library of Congress, American Memory) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aointro.html More than 240 items dealing with African American history, including books, government documents, manuscripts, maps, musical scores, plays, films, and recordings. The site is organized into nine periods, including slavery, the Civil War; Reconstruction, black exodus, the "Booker T. Washington era" of progress, World War I; the Depression and World War II; and Civil Rights. A well-written guide for exploring African American history. Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860 (Library of Congress, American Memory) http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sthtml/sthome.html Provides published materials on legal aspects of slavery. Most of the pamphlets and books pertain to American cases in the 19th century. Includes documents on the slave trade, slave codes, the Fugitive Slave Law, slave insurrections, and courtroom proceedings from famous trials such as the Amistad case, the Denmark Vesey conspiracy trial, and trials of noted abolitionists John Brown and William Lloyd Garrison. Images of African Americans from the 19th Century (New York Public Library) http://digital.nypl.org/schomburg/images_aa19/ This site contains roughly 500 images depicting the social, political, and cultural worlds of African Americans. The site can be searched through 17 subject categories, such as family, labor, Civil War, slavery, social life and customs, and portraits. This site offers a keyword search and is ideal for researching African American and 19th-century history. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938 (American Memory, Library of Congress) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html A gold mine of information on the history of slavery from those who lived as slaves. This site has more than 2,300 first person accounts of slavery and 500 black and white photographs of former slaves. These narratives and photographs were collected as part of the 1930s Federal Writers Project of the Works Project Administration. The Time of the Lincolns (PBS Online, WGBH, American Experience) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/ This companion site to the six-hour documentary, Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided, includes essays and videos addressing the antislavery movement, the Underground Railroad, defenses for slavery, "wage slavery" in the North, African Americans in the North, developments in technology, women's rights, and literary women. A teacher's guide is included. Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War(University of Virginia) http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/ A massive, searchable archive of thousands of pages of maps, images, letters, diaries, newspapers, and church, agricultural, military, and public records—all relating to two communities, Staunton, Virginia, and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, before, during, and after the Civil War. Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection (Cornell University Library) http://www.library.cornell.edu/mayantislavery/ This site features more than 10,000 pamphlets, leaflets, broadsides, newsletters of local and regional anti-slavery societies, sermons, essays, and arguments for and against slavery. Materials date from the 18th to the 19th centuries and cover slavery in the United States and the West Indies, the slave trade, and emancipation. Geography of Slavery in America (Virginia Center for Digital History and University of Virginia College at Wise) http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/ Provides full transcriptions and images of more than 2,400 newspaper advertisements regarding runaway slaves between 1736 and 1777. Includes ads placed by owners and overseers for runaways as well as ads for captured runaway or suspected runaway slaves placed by sheriffs and other governmental officials. Searchable by any words appearing in ads. Three K-12 teaching guides are included. Chronology on the History of Slavery, 1619 to 1789(Eddie Becker, Preservation Activist) http://www.innercity.org/holt/slavechron.html This site offers a timeline compiled from archive, library, and Internet sources to provide background information for research on the history of slavery and racism in the United States in three chronological sections: 1619-1789, 1790-1829, and 1830 to "the end". For each year listed in the timeline there is an essay (150-750 words) describing major events and incorporating links to related sites and suggested readings. North American Slave Narratives, Beginnings to 1920 (William Andrews, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/neh.html Offers 230 full-text documents on the lives of American slaves, including all known-to-be published slave narratives and many published biographies of slaves. Users can also view images of the covers, spines, title pages, and versos of title pages. Provides a 2,200-word introductory essay by Professor Andrews. Of great value to those studying the history of American slavery, the South, African American culture, and literary properties of slave narratives. Africans in America (PBS Online) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/ This well-produced site was created as a companion to the PBS series Africans in America. It traces the history of Africans in America in four chronological parts: "The Terrible Transformation" (1450-1750), "Revolution" (1750-1805), "Brotherly Love" (1791-1831), and "Judgment Day" (1831-1865). The site offers a total of more than 200 primary documents, more than 75 images and maps, and brief descriptions by historians of specific aspects of the history of slavery, servitude, abolition, and war in America. Teacher guides offer ideas for questions, activities, and lessons for elementary and secondary students. National Geographic Online: The Underground Railroad (National Geographic) http://www.nationalgeographic.com/railroad/ This multimedia educational site from National Geographic offers a diverse set of materials that describe the Underground Railroad. Students may explore the visual materials, audio selections, a map of the Underground Railroad routes, 12 brief biographies of individuals who helped enslaved African Americans reach the North, and a timeline provides some context to the history of slavery in the New World. The site is rounded out by a number of educational resources for K-12 teachers. Slave Movement During the 18th and 19th Centuries(Data and Program Library Service, University of Wisconsin Madison) http://dpls.dacc.wisc.edu/slavedata/index.html This site offers downloadable raw data and documentation on 11 topics related to the 18th- and 19th-century slave trade. Data sets contain information such as port of departure, vessel and owner information, number of slaves carried, origins of slaves, and port of arrival. Each data set includes a 250-word description explaining bibliographic information, file inventory, and methodology, as well as a codebook that guides users in reading the data. The site would be particularly useful in controlled assignments for college-level survey or advanced high school students' research into slavery and the slave trade. Third Person, First Person: Slave Voices (Digital Scriptorium, Duke University) http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/slavery/ An exhibit of primary source material relating to slavery from the late 18th century to emancipation in the 19th century. Reproduces or describes 33 documents, ranging from a broadside announcing a reward for the return of a runaway slave to an 85-page memoir written in 1923 by an African American woman who relates stories and experiences of her parents and grandparents, who had been slaves. Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record (University of Virginia) http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/ This collection of more than 900 images depicts the enslavement of Africans, the Atlantic Slave Trade, and slave life in the New World. Images are arranged in 18 categories, including capture of slaves, maps, slave ships, plantation scenes, physical punishment, music, free people of color, family life, religion, marketing, rebellion, and emancipation. |