In the half century after World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States engaged in a Cold War struggle over spheres of influence and political and economic ideologies. While U.S. hostility to the Soviet Union dominated American foreign policy from the 1950s to 1980s, the experience of Americans at home shifted significantly during that time.

 

The 1960s and early 1970s were a period of intense social conflict involving struggles over civil rights, women’s rights, and the nation’s involvement in Vietnam. Thus, when Gulag Archipelago was published in 1974, American reviews of the book were likely to respond to it within both of these contexts.

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After the end of World War II, much of French political thought drew upon Marxism. But after the Hungarian Revolution against Soviet control in 1956, French intellectuals grew disillusioned. In 1968, brewing political turmoil boiled over, and French intellectuals began criticizing Marxism openly.

 

After the 1974 publication of Gulag Archipelago, and a national television program’s exposé of Soviet camps based on Solzhenitsyn’s work, many French leftists completed their break with Marxism.

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Solzhenitsyn began writing during the time that Nikita Khrushchev was Premier of the Soviet Union (1958 to 1964). After Stalin’s death in 1953, Khrushchev, then the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, had instituted a policy of de-Stalinization that included a significant dismantling of the labor camps, and an increase in creative freedom. In 1964, Leonid Brezhnev took over the Communist party and the state and reversed the policy of de-Stalinization.

 

By the 1970s, the climate of repression had returned. The reaction of the Soviet authorities to Gulag Archipelago reflects the attempt of the party to regain some of the control ceded in the Khrushchev era.

Now read the statements and determine where they were said