1
10
161
-
https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/e0bf6e60afb51a5e066573e35446261b.mp3
f3cddd2d3be2a63fcd7c0bf7ae841c42
Sound
A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds.
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<table><tbody><tr><td>Hymne du 21 janvier.
<p>Les flammes d'Etna sur ses laves antiques<br /> Ne cessent de verser des flots plus dévorants.<br /> Des monstres couronnés, les fureurs despotiques.<br /> Ne cessent d'ajouter aux forfaits des tyrans.<br /> S'il en est qui veulent un maître,<br /> De rois en rois dans l'univers<br /> Qu'ils aillent mendier des fers,<br /> Ces français indignes de l'être,<br /> Ces français indignes de l'étre!</p>
</td>
<td>Hymn of 21 January
<p>Etna's flames of ancient lava<br /> Ceaselessly flow, ever more devouring.<br /> Crowned monsters, despotic furies.<br /> Ceaselessly add to tyrants' hideous crimes.<br /> If some want a master,<br /> In a world from King to king<br /> Let them beg for shackles<br /> Unworthy to be called Frenchmen,<br /> Unworthy to be called Frenchmen!</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Description
An account of the resource
With lyrics drawn from a <em>Republican Ode </em>composed by the revolutionary poet Lebrun in 1793, this hymn commemorates the execution of Louis XVI.
Title
A name given to the resource
Hymn of 21 January
Relation
A related resource
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/616/
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
616
Counterrevolution
Monarchy
Song
The Terror
-
https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/e20f382dbbcd61ca21c8a350d6ed42fb.mp3
53332e328c7b549a1b88797feb1a0c55
Sound
A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds.
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<table><tbody><tr><td>Ô Richard! Ô mon roi!
<p>Ô Richard! Ô mon roi! <br /> L'univers t'abandonne;<br /> Sur la terre il n'est donc que moi<br /> Qui m'intéresse à ta personne!<br /> Moi seul dans l'univers, <br /> Voudrais briser tes fers,<br /> Et tout le reste t'abandonne!</p>
<p>Ô Richard! Ô mon roi! <br /> L'univers t'abandonne;<br /> Sur la terre il n'est donc que moi<br /> Qui m'intéresse à ta personne!<br /> Et sa noble amie! <br /> Hélas! son coeur <br /> doit être navré de douleur,<br /> Oui, son coeur est navré de douleur.</p>
<p>Monarques, cherchez, cherchez des amis,<br /> Non sous les lauriers de la gloire,<br /> Mais sous les myrtes favoris<br /> Qu'offrent les filles de Mémoire.<br /> Un troubadour est tout amour, <br /> fidélité, constance,<br /> Et sans espoir de récompense.</p>
<p>Ô Richard! Ô mon roi!<br /> L'univers t'abandonne,<br /> Sur la terre il n'est que moi, il n'est que moi,<br /> Qui m'intéresse à ta personne</p>
<p>Ô Richard! Ô mon roi!<br /> L'univers t'abandonne,<br /> Sur la terre il n'est que moi,<br /> Oui c'est Blondel!</p>
<p>Il n'est que moi, Il n'est que moi,<br /> Qui m'intéresse à ta personne.<br /> N'est-il que moi, N'est-il que moi,<br /> Qui m'intéresse à ta personne?</p>
</td>
<td>O Richard, O, my King!
<p>O Richard! O my king! <br /> The Universe abandons you!<br /> On earth, it is only me<br /> Who is interested in you!<br /> Alone in the universe <br /> I would break the chains <br /> when everyone else deserted you!</p>
<p>O Richard! O my king! <br /> The Universe abandons you!<br /> On earth, it is only me<br /> Who is interested in you!<br /> And his noble friend! <br /> Lord! His heart <br /> ought to be aggrieved.<br /> Yes his heart is broken. broken with grief.</p>
<p>Monarchs search, search for friends,<br /> not under the laurels of glory<br /> But under the favored myrtle<br /> offered by the daughters of memory.<br /> A troubadour is interested in love, <br /> fidelity, and constancy!<br /> He is without hope of recompense.</p>
<p>O Richard! O my King!<br /> The Universe abandons you!<br /> On earth, it is only me, it is only me,<br /> Who is interested in you.</p>
<p>O Richard! O my king!<br /> The universe abandons you.<br /> On earth, it is only me,<br /> Yes, it's Blondel,</p>
<p>It's only me, It's only me<br /> Who is interested in you.<br /> Is it only me, Is it only me,<br /> Who is interested in you?</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
Sortable Date
1785-00-00
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Description
An account of the resource
This aria from the Gretry opera,<em> Richard the Lion–Hearted, </em>was adopted by royalists during the early years of the Revolution. The song’s accusation that the king had been abandoned by all but his most devoted followers made it a suitable counter–revolutionary anthem.
Title
A name given to the resource
Oh Richard, Oh, My King!
Relation
A related resource
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/622/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1785
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
622
Counterrevolution
Monarchy
Public Opinion
Song
-
https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/6c810da2ea8754e6a877d7de1109ba5c.mp3
a131eef63ab916e2c43060221207efab
Sound
A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds.
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<table><tbody><tr><td>Te Deum pour la fédération du 14 juillet 1790, au Champ de Mars.
<p>Te Deum laudamus:<br /> te Dominum confitemur.<br /> Te aeternum Patrem<br /> omnis terra veneratur.</p>
<p>Tibi Cherubim et Seraphim<br /> incessabili voce proclamant.</p>
<p>Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus,<br /> Dominus Deus Sabaoth.<br /> Pleni sunt caeli et terra<br /> maiestatis gloriae tuae.</p>
</td>
<td>Te Deum for the Federation of 14 July 1790 at the Champs de Mars
<p>We praise you, O God,<br /> We confess you as our Lord.<br /> All the earth worships you<br /> As eternal father.</p>
<p>The Cherumbim and Seraphim<br /> Ceaselessly proclaim You.</p>
<p>Holy, holy, holy,<br /> Lord God of Hosts.<br /> Heaven and earth are full<br /> Of the Glory of Your Majesty.</p>
</td>
</tr></tbody></table>
Sortable Date
1790-07-14
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Description
An account of the resource
A hymn written by Joseph Gossec to celebrate national unity on the first anniversary of the taking of the Bastille. Combining old and new, Gossec set a traditional Latin text to music scored for wind instruments (rather than the common organ), the sound of which carried well at the outdoor festival.
Title
A name given to the resource
Te Deum for the Federation of July 14, 1790 at the Champ de Mars
Relation
A related resource
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/614/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1790-07-14
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
614
Monarchy
Religion
Song
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
<p>Of all sorts of madness this appears to be the worst: for, whereas the generality of madmen reason right from wrong principles; these people are for the most part wrong both in their fundamentals and in their deductions from them, representing murder, gun-powder-plots, &c. as innocent under the masque of religion and pious zeal. Hence the enterprize of the fryar, who murdered Henry the third of France; hence <i>Ravaillac</i> stabbed <i>Henry</i> the fourth, and hence another assassin has made an execrable attempt upon <i>Lewis </i>[Louis] the XVth.</p> <p>The name of this enthusiastical assassin is <i>Robert Francis Damien</i>, born in <i>St. Catherine's</i> suburb in the city of <i>Arras</i>; he is 42 years of age, and about five feet seven inches high. He had lived in the service of several families, but was turned off by all of them with the character of a loose profligate. His occupation of late has been to sell balls to take spots out of cloaths; and yet from this mean and contemptible station in life hath this lunatic dared to walk forth, and attempt to deprive a whole nation of their sovereign's life.</p> <p>He was a very superstitious enthusiastical sort of a man, and therefore a very proper tool or cat's-paw for the Romish priests to work upon. What horrid crimes are committed under the sanction of religion! The artful popish clergy had worked him up to such a pitch of enthusiasm; that, faint-like, he was proud to die in so glorious a cause, imagining his meritorious sufferings would certainly procure him a residence in heaven.</p> <p>The king was supported by the <i>counte de Brionne</i> and the matter of the horse, who were leading him to his coach, a page of the bed-chamber walked before him with lights; the dauphin was behind him along with the duke <i>d'Ayen</i>, captain of the guards in waiting, and several exempts and equerries followed. A footman, named <i>Selim</i>, near whom the assassin stood, seeing the king approach, said to the villain, <i>why don't you take off your hat</i>, <i>don't you see the king</i>? While he was saying this, the monster struck the king with a knife, which had two blades of different sizes; with one of these blades he wounded the king between the fourth and fifth rib, but the stroke glanced to the right side, and most fortunately did not reach the bowels. The king, who at first had scarce felt any thing, then turning to the footman who had just bid the fellow take off his hat, said, looking at the assassin, <i>that man has given me a terrible blow</i>; and clapping his hand to the place where he had been struck, and feeling it warm, he drew back his hand all bloody, and said, <i>I am wounded, seize him, but do not hurt him</i>.</p> <p>Whatever may be the sallies of this monarch's private life, he certainly has publick virtue, and therefore his mind must soon have rested in a conviction that he did not deserve an assault upon his life.</p> <p>Certainly there appears somewhat providential in the escape the king had from this treasonable design. It happened, that on that day, besides his usual cloathing, he put on a sur-tout of thick velvet, which no doubt greatly obstructed the blow, and hundred the wound from proving mortal.</p> <p>The execrable assassin, after striking this horrid blow, never stirred from the place, and the duke <i>d'Ayen</i> having asked which was the man, the fellow answered with the countenance of a <i>Ravaillac</i>. "Tis I." He was seized and led to the guardroom, which stands at the gate from whence he had just come out. There he was stripped to his shirt, and there were found about him the knife, a New Testament, some images, and between thirty and thirty-five<i> Louis d'Ors</i>.</p> <p>The trial of the villain was agreed to be committed to the parliament; and the people in general began to rid themselves of their anxiety, when it was reported abroad, that the stab was no more than a common wound, and that his majesty wanted but a few days to recover his strength, which was somewhat reduced by being bled so plentifully after the wound was given.</p> <p><i>Damien</i> appears very resolute; his feet have been scorched, and the calf of his leg pinched with red hot tongs. He shrieked indeed, but confessed nothing. He was afterwards carried to prison, and chained in a dungeon, and guards set over him.</p> <p>He was asked if he had any accomplices, and answered he had, but was sure they had escaped before this time, but that great care ought to be taken of the dauphin, otherwise the like accident might, perhaps, befall him soon. When he was urged to discover more, he answered, he would speak when it was time; that he was very sensible he deserved death, and begged it might be hastened.</p> <p>The wife and daughter of <i>Damien</i> were sent to the <i>Bastille</i>, in hopes that some discoveries would be made. Nothing however of consequence has come to light from them; though they freely told all they knew of the abominable life and conversation of this monster.</p> <p>It is reported that there was great commotions in <i>Paris</i>; that several religious houses were shut up, to prevent cabals among the clergy, and that the archbishop of <i>Paris</i> was publickly accused of being at the bottom of this atrocious design; but these givings out have since totally vanished for want of any kind of confirmation.</p> <p>His majesty was not ill for any considerable length of time: it appears that on the 14th of the same month the wound, which he had received on the 5th, was quite healed, and his health restored, insomuch that he assumed the reins of government, which had been entrusted to the dauphin; whose conduct, during his short administration, gave such satisfaction to the king, that he ordered he should for the future attend at all the councils of state.</p> <p>But before he parted from <i>Versailles</i>, he begged to speak with the king and the dauphin, in hopes that notwithstanding the heinousness of his crime he might still obtain mercy from his majesty's known good nature and lenity. He was much surprized when they put him into a vehicle in order to convey him to the <i>Conciergerie</i>. He said he had many things to reveal, but was told he must discover them to his judges.</p>
Sortable Date
1757-00-00
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
"Letter from a Gentleman in Paris to His Friend in London," in <i>A Particular and Authentic Narration of the Life, Examination, Torture, and Execution of Robert Francis Damien [</i>sic<i>], </i>trans. Thomas Jones (London, 1757).
Description
An account of the resource
The news of Robert–François Damiens’s attack on the King and his subsequent trial spread rapidly and generated great interest across France and all of Europe. This pamphlet, published in London, describes for English readers the goings–on in Paris, especially the public outpouring of sympathy for the King and the general hostility toward Damiens. Damiens, even for this English observer, was horrible for having dared to touch, let alone try to kill the King—God’s anointed representative in France and the guarantor of public order and domestic peace.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
238
Title
A name given to the resource
"Letter from a Gentleman in Paris to His Friend in London" (1757)
Relation
A related resource
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/238/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1757
Monarchy
Text
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
<p>Yes sir, no matter how big our misfortunes may have been, I dread that bigger are yet to come. When I think about everything that is happening to us, it could be said that it has been happening against nature . . . everything that should put a stop to our ills, in fact only makes them worse.</p> <p>First of all, what is really the true source of the problems that beset us? Is it not solely a stubbornness, a spurious point of honor, a spirit of domination and independence found in the bishops and clerics? They, who by their very nature should set an example of the opposite virtues? I have not avoided putting myself at risk to show that the pretext of religion, which they use to cover themselves, is nothing but a mask. I know that you were never fooled by it, and that now no one is fooled anymore. . . .</p> <p>If our bishops had thought for one instant about the uselessness of these bulls [such as <i>Unigenitus</i>] . . . or about the atrocious damage that they cause their clergies and parishes, they would have been the most ardent defenders of this law that condemned them to eternal oblivion. But the true authors of these fateful decrees, and the only people with an interest in maintaining them, knew how to convince our prelates that, after the commitments that they had made, the law that spelled the doom of these decrees was also, inevitably, the same that bestowed their honor and their authority. That is how they came to finally hatch the secret plot of a powerful league against the most important monument of our monarch's wisdom.</p> <p>Monsieur de Beaumont [Archbishop of Paris], so worthy in every respect of being in charge, on 29 September gave Conflans the first sign of combat by publishing a mandate which, in religious language, offers merely senseless lies, and spirit of division, independence and rebellion. Immediately thereafter, the flames of discord ignited from all corners, and the Vicars of Jesus Christ's charity and gentleness no longer preach the gospel of peace, but rather pronounce the manifesto of an internecine war between Church and State from the altar.</p> <p>Who would have believed that the goodness of the King, tired of the rebels' stubbornness, would finally allow his justice free reign; who would have believed that in his wisdom, convinced by experience that impunity or past ways only serve to make the guilty more audacious, he would decide that no another means remained to extinguish the fire that threatened the State and the throne itself but to deliver them up to the severity and convention of law? However (posterity will have trouble believing this), one witnesses his religion at the point of using his absolute authority to arrest the Magistrates as soon as they want to take the first step, to grant pardons to criminals who, far from asking for it and repenting, loudly declare that they are determined to add to their past crimes.</p>
Sortable Date
1757-00-00
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Anonymous, <i>Pièces originales et procédures du procès, fait à Robert-François Damiens </i>(Paris: Pierre Guillaume Simon, 1757).
Description
An account of the resource
This pamphlet was one of the many published in France in response to the news of Damiens’s attack on the King. It is written from the standpoint of the so–called patriot party, which opposed the concentration of power in the hands of the King, the royal advisers at court (mostly aristocrats), and the bishops of the church (mostly Jesuits). Patriots instead supported the <i>parlements</i> and the lower clergy as more morally suited to represent the interests of all three orders that composed the French "nation."
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
239
Title
A name given to the resource
Letter from a Patriot Claiming to Prove Damiens Had Accomplices
Relation
A related resource
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/239/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1757
Monarchy
Text
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
<p>He said his name is Robert-François Damiens and he is a forty-two-year-old servant living in the City of Paris.</p> <p>When he was questioned about telling when he had made plans to kill the King, he answered he planned on doing it three years ago and because of the Archbishop's bad behavior.</p> <p>When asked if somebody had inspired his plan, he said he had been inspired by everybody around him.</p> <p>When asked if he had told somebody about this project, either in Paris, in Artois, or in a foreign country, he said no. He had wanted to say it but would not say it here.</p> <p>When asked if he had said to Playouft instead of Poperingue that he could not adapt to this country and that he would come back to France and said: "Yes, I will come back there, I will die there, and the Greatest of the earth will also die," he admitted he said these words. . . .</p> <p>When asked if any secular or legitimate Priest had inspired this dreadful plan, he answered that nobody had inspired him to it, but he had heard many ecclesiastics talk dangerously.</p> <p>When asked about the dangerous things these ecclesiastics were talking about, he answered that he heard them saying that the King was risking a lot for not preventing the Archbishop's actions. . . .</p> <p>When asked what he had understood in this following statement: "What a pity that your Subjects had tendered their resignations, they were the only ones who created this conspiracy," he answered that the conspiracy could not come from the <i>Parlement</i>, but from the Archbishop who started it by refusing sacraments. . . .</p> <p>When asked why and how long ago he had stopped making religious acts, he answered that he used to do them in the different places when he was a servant but he stopped three or four years ago, since the Archbishop's turmoil.</p> <p>When he was told that the Archbishop's actions could never have made a man like him commit this crime, he answered that he had nothing else to say except that if the Archbishop had not refused some Sacraments, these things would not have happened.</p> <p>When asked if he, his family or friends had been refused Sacraments, he answered no.</p> <p>When asked about the idea he has concerning Religion, he answered that no one should refuse Sacraments to good people who pray in Churches every day, from morning to evening.</p> <p>When asked if he thinks that Religion allows one to kill Kings, he answered that he had nothing to say about it.</p> <p>When he was told that his silence proves that he thought that it is was allowable for him to kill Kings in some cases, he said he had nothing to say. . . .</p> <p>When asked if he had any regret of having committed this dreadful crime and had any desire to save his soul, he said he regretted it and that he hopes God will forgive him.</p> <p>When asked how he thinks God will forgive him, since he does not want to confess his accomplices, he answered he does not have any accomplices and cannot tell their names. . . .</p> <p>After having read all this, the prisoner persisted in saying his answers were real and true, and he also persisted by not wanting to answer, and he signed his name, Damiens.</p> <p>At this time, the prisoner was tied up.</p> <p>When asked who had suggested him this crime, he answered the Archbishop did, because of his bad actions, and he added: forgive me.</p> <p>When asked who his accomplices were, he said he was alone.</p> <p>When asked who was talking to him under the vault of the Versailles Chapel, he answered that it was the one he told us about.</p> <p>When asked about the people he had seen in Paris, he answered no one.</p> <p>When he was told this is only the beginning of some hard time, and he could stop everything by telling the names of his accomplices, he screamed: "Ah, this Archbishop, what a rascal!"</p> <p>When asked about what he was promised or what money he had received, he answered that no one promised or gave him anything. The Archbishop's refusal to give Sacraments was the cause. . . .</p> <p>***</p> <p>He was told he could not have committed the crime he was accused of, that he was pushed into doing it by other people. He was summoned to tell us the names, nicknames, positions, and addresses of the people who had pushed him into killing the King.</p> <p>He answered he could not give a precise answer to this question. He only declared that he had met priests in Arras and Paris who belonged to the <i>Parlement</i>, and the poor treatments these same Priests have received and the poverty of the French people had convinced him to kill the King. However, he said that if the King wanted to spare his life, he will give more detailed explanations.</p> <p>He was summoned to tell us the names, nicknames, positions, addresses of the priests and lay people with whom he talked about Religion and other topics. He answered he would never tell their names, even if he was thrown in Hell or in a blazing fire.</p> <p>He was asked if he had said . . . that the Dauphin had to be warned and that he should be careful, or go out because the same thing that happened to the King could also happen to him. He answered yes.</p> <p>He was asked if he had said that six months after his death, more important events will occur, and that the Dauphin will perish along with many other people. He answered yes.</p> <p>He was asked if he knew the persons who will be involved in these actions. He answered he will only tell their names to the Chief Provost, after the King promises to pardon him. He only asked to have his life spared and not to be chained. He knows he deserves to die . . . [but] he submits to the King's will from whom he asks forgiveness.</p>
Sortable Date
1757-00-00
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Anonymous<i>, Pièces originales et procédures du procès, fait à Robert-François Damiens</i> (Paris: Pierre Guillaume Simon, 1757).
Description
An account of the resource
During the course of his trial, Damiens was interrogated over fifty times by the magistrates of the <i>Parlement </i>of Paris and by the King’s prosecutors. The interrogators were concerned above all to determine if Damiens had accomplices and if so, what group was behind the attack. In this passage, Damiens testifies that his action had been prompted by "preachers of the Parlementary party," meaning those who criticized the excessive power of the court and the bishops. Attributing his actions to dissatisfaction with the state of the kingdom, Damiens then asks the King to show his concern for the hard–pressed French people by pardoning him.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
240
Title
A name given to the resource
Damiens’s Testimony to <i>Parlement</i>
Relation
A related resource
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/240/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1757
Laws
Monarchy
Text
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
<p>We, clerks, had the convict escorted to the Place de Grève. There, in the presence of the people, I read for the last time, the judgment, which was first done by the Enforcer of High Justice. Then the convict was put and tied up on the scaffold. First his hand was burnt while he was holding the knife with which he committed the parricide. We came closer to the convict, exhorted him again to tell us the names of his accomplices, and we told him that the President of the Court and the Court Administrator would come if he had any statements to make. The convict told us that he had no accomplices or statements to make. At this time, the convict had his breasts, arms, thighs, and legs tortured. Then melted lead, boiling oil, burning pitch, and melted wax and sulfur were thrown on these parts. During the whole torture, the convict screamed several times: "My God, give me strength, give me strength. Lord, my God, have pity on me. Lord, my God, I am suffering so much. Lord, my God, give me patience." Then four horses pulled the convict [in the four cardinal directions], and after a while he was dismembered. His limbs were then thrown on the stake. We reported everything to the President and the Administrator, and stayed at the Place de Grève until everything was over.</p>
Sortable Date
1757-00-00
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Anonymous, <i>Pièces originales et procédures du procès, fait à Robert-François Damiens</i> (Paris: Pierre Guillaume Simon, 1757).
Description
An account of the resource
After a three–month trial, the magistrates found Damiens guilty of parricide against the person of the King on 26 March 1757. In a final interrogation, Damiens is once again asked about accomplices. He then denies having them.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
241
Title
A name given to the resource
Decree of the <i>Parlement</i> of Paris against Robert–François Damiens
Relation
A related resource
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/241/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1757
Laws
Monarchy
Text
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
<p>The <i>Parlement</i> declares "the said Robert-François Damiens has been convicted of having committed a very mean, very terrible, and very dreadful parricidal crime against the King. The said Damiens is sentenced to pay for his crime in front of the main gate of the Church of Paris. He will be taken there in a tipcart naked and will hold a burning wax torch weighing two pounds. There, on his knees, he will say and declare that he had committed a very mean, very terrible and very dreadful parricide, and that he had hurt the King. . . . He will repent and ask God, the King and Justice to forgive him. When this will be done, he will be taken in the same tipcart to the Place de Grève and will be put on a scaffold. Then his breasts, arms, thighs, and legs will be tortured. While holding the knife with which he committed the said Parricide, his right hand will be burnt. On his tortured body parts, melted lead, boiling oil, burning pitch, and melted wax and sulfur will be thrown. Then four horses will pull him apart until he is dismembered. His limbs will be thrown on the stake, and his ashes will be spread. All his belongings, furniture, housings, wherever they are, will be confiscated and given to the King. Before the execution, the said Damiens will be asked to tell the names of his accomplices. His house will not be demolished, but nothing will be allowed to be built on this same house."</p>
Sortable Date
1757-00-00
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Anonymous, <i>Pièces originales et procédures du procès, fait à Robert-François Damiens</i> (Paris: Pierre Guillaume Simon, 1757).
Description
An account of the resource
Having found Damiens guilty, the judges ordered him punished in a gruesome public spectacle, with the intention of repressing symbolically, through his body, the threat to order that the judges perceived in his attack on the King. Such punishment, characteristic of the Middle Ages and early modern period was much opposed by the Enlightenment view that crime would be better handled by rehabilitating criminals’ minds rather than mutilating their bodies.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
242
Title
A name given to the resource
The Sentence against Damiens (1757)
Relation
A related resource
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/242/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1757
Laws
Monarchy
Text
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
<p>Basically Sire, due to these utterances and the risks they pose for all of Your Majesty's subjects who are concerned with the success of the remonstrances that they lay before the throne, your <i>parlement</i> finds itself forced to respectfully remind you what one of your august predecessors, speaking through an envoy, said. "According to our government's constitution and former rulings by Most Christian Kings, kept thus far with religious exactness, nothing may have the force of public law in France, either for ecclesiastical or public matters, that has not been authorized and publicized by parlementary decree." Or what another of your predecessors also stated: that "verification by <i>parlement</i> is required and necessary, such that the measures applicable to the affairs of State remain in abeyance until they have been verified."</p> <p>These formal and authentic assertions emphatically contain the maxims that your <i>parlement</i> has always supported. These maxims were also tacitly stressed by another of our sovereigns when, in his presence, his minister came to <i>parlement</i> and said, "The need to verify edicts by <i>parlement</i> is one of the most sacred public laws, and one that the kings have always observed most religiously. This verification occurs by free vote, and it is illusory and contradictory to believe that the edicts which, in accordance with the laws of the kingdom are not open to execution until they have been brought and deliberated in the presence of the sovereign, are considered verified once the King has them read and published in his presence."</p> <p>If the registration of <i>parlement's</i> edicts is one of the most appropriate ways of imposing them on foreign nations, it is because these nations know that the constitution of the French monarchy is such that until these edicts have been verified and registered by the<i> parlement</i>, they are not legitimate.</p> <p>To reduce the focus on the registration by your <i>parlement</i> to the effect of contributing to its imposition on enemies, is to admit only the long-term consequences, rather than the immediate and appropriate effects from which it should stem. In this way, it distorts the nature of the registration and gives an opening for false impressions by which some would want to persuade Your Majesty that this registration can be supplanted by extraordinary means.</p> <p>Sire, it would be against the views and interests of Your Majesty to allow an attack on principles that are as old as the monarchy itself and that are intimately tied to the conservation of your very authority. These principles are as important to the preservation of the obedience you are due by the execution of duly verified laws, as they are useful to those subjects who owe you this obedience. And it is your <i>parlement</i>, more than those who are close to the throne, that is more capable of assembling the needs and the just demands of your subjects.</p> <p>Sire, we implore you to only see expressions of an unlimited faithfulness in all aspects of our respectful representation. It is with zeal, as well as discretion, that this faithfulness aims at deepening our understanding of all the aspects of the State that are capable of having an influence on the interests of Your Majesty and on those of your subjects. This faithfulness refuses to accept the registration of the above-mentioned edicts which, for reasons of order and public interest, are so essential, so powerful, so important, that it would be a reprehensible and fatal weakness to only try to be rid of them. Finally, this faithfulness insists on the conservation of the essential rights of the ministry that your <i>parlement</i> fulfills for the State, because the protection of these rights is the only guarantee for the State and of all Your Majesty's subjects.</p> <p>If, in doing its duty, your <i>parlement</i> dedicates itself to the strict obligation of usefully serving Your Majesty and the State by overcoming the obstacles that become a part of registering of the above-mentioned edicts, it could converge with Your Majesty's views with as much zeal and more satisfaction if it could present him with the projects which could be reconciled with the most important interests of which it must never lose sight. Your <i>parlement</i> thus begs you Sire, with all the more confidence, to find resources that agree with the feelings of your own heart and with the situation of your people. It is assured by Your Majesty's answer that none of the number of projects that could be approved will find the idea of new taxes on land, so fatal to the State, so justly disapproved by your <i>parlement</i>, when against its formal vow they were introduced in the Kingdom. And this insidious announcement, too widely divulged to the public, alarmed the magistrates as much as it did your <i>parlement</i> and all citizens.</p> <p>Sire, your <i>parlement</i> will not stop representing to you with the love and respect with which it is imbued for your sacred person. Among the projects to improve the finances, the one that is the surest, fairest, and the most worthy of Your Majesty, shall always be the affirmation and the progress of prudent savings by the administration. With this is also the reformation of the enormous abuses that render most of the treaties and companies that are created for your service as onerous for Your Majesty as they are onerous and ruinous for your subjects. Finally, there is the greater and greater reduction of useless expenses. Sire, if these reductions were as obvious as they are in agreement with Your Majesty's intentions, your subjects' courage would take on new force. The French nation, so noble, so generous and so attached to its kings, would raise the infallible means, would make the greatest efforts to save it through these reductions on the immense amounts raised from it if only they are used for the dignity of the throne, the effective service of Your Majesty, and the good of the State</p> <p>Respectfully, Sire, etc.</p> <p>The <i>Parlement</i> of Paris, 18 September 1759.</p> <p><i>The King, upon receiving these remonstrances, said only that he would study them and would make his intentions known to his </i>parlement<i>.</i></p>
Sortable Date
1759-09-18
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Jules Flammermont, <i>Remonstrances du Parlement de Paris au XVIIIe siècle</i>, vol. 2 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1888–98), 243–66
Description
An account of the resource
Later in the 1750s, the <i>Parlement</i> turned its attention from religious controversy to royal fiscal policy. With the outbreak of yet another war—the Seven Years’ (or French and Indian) War against Britain—the royal treasury needed even more revenues, and the King proposed adding, for the third time in a decade, a surtax of one–twentieth on all income from property, including normally exempt noble lands. The magistrates—many of them landowning nobles—opposed this idea, not by arguing that nobles should be exempt from taxes (an idea they believed fervently), but by claiming that the crown, by so drastically breaking with tradition, was violating the unwritten constitution of the kingdom. In response, the King held a special "seat of justice" ceremony the next day to enforce registration of the edicts.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
246
Title
A name given to the resource
Parlementary Remonstrance against the Third "Twentieth" Tax
Relation
A related resource
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/246/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 18, 1759
Economic Conditions
Laws
Monarchy
Text
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Text
Any textual data included in the document
<p>Sire,</p> <p>At a time when a people who adores you are impatiently awaiting the pleasures of peace, are preparing to let the transports of their joy erupt, and to etch in bronze their gratitude for your benevolence, why is it necessary that an imposing combination of power and authority will not allow a glimpse of the respect that inspires them?</p> <p>. . . Sire, your <i>parlement </i>could not proceed to the registering of the disposition of your edict that orders the census and estimation of all the goods of the Kingdom, without first having some knowledge of the rules and instructions on how to conduct it. In addition, there currently exists a no-less efficient means of rectifying the arbitrary nature of the division of taxes—by bringing them all back under the jurisdiction of the regular tribunals and by having the different taxation roles remitted to the individual's Office of the Clerk of the Court.</p> <p>The first "twentieth" is a tax reserved for wartime but which nevertheless represents the idea of a tax that is indefinite in duration, and this can only stir up the most emphatic alarm in the minds of your subjects. Should your <i>parlement</i> not quickly solicit the goodness of your Majesty, not only to request that he set an imminent deadline for stopping the first "twentieth," but also to receive approval for its collection based on the notifications currently in effect, without their being able to be increased?</p> <p>The continuation of the second "twentieth" over six years is equally contrary to the promises that Your Majesty deigned to make, and to the state of poverty that the people have been reduced to.</p> <p>The "free gift" of the cities, in principle considered as a free and voluntary aid, is in fact prorogated against the explicit statement of Your Majesty. Additionally, your <i>parlement</i> has observed, with the most poignant sadness, illegal collections and the authorized misappropriation of public funds, even though the offenders were to be severely punished.</p> <p>Sire, how can your <i>parlement</i> not feel obligated to insist to Your Majesty on the fifth <i>sous</i> per <i>livre</i> on the farm taxes when they were created! And now with the return of peace, when your subjects should be able to foster the hope that this tax would be repealed, they have the pain of seeing that your Majesty is requiring a sixth. Sire, we dare show you that these accumulated taxes are causing immense harm to commerce and agriculture by their reduction of consumption. . . .</p> <p>When your Majesty deigned to set the guidelines for the liquidation of the State's debt, should your <i>parlement</i> not have shown you, Sire, the results of the city paying an annuity, the burden of which falls almost entirely on the inhabitants of this capital that already contributes in so many ways and so bountifully to the costs of the State? And should the <i>parlement</i> not also have warned you of the public disrepute they would receive because of this annuity? And if your Majesty has formed a plan to reimburse the life annuities . . . your <i>parlement</i> should have shown you, Sire, that it is time to arrange for the privilege of liquidating them when your finances allow.</p> <p>The measures of the edict . . . are very contrary to the rights of feudalism, to the acts and intentions of the founders, to the interest of creditors and, in general, to property rights. Besides, as a source of interest for Your Majesty's finances, it is so minor, and the possibility of fraud so great, that your <i>parlement</i> must beg your Majesty to repeal this edict. . . .</p> <p>Sire, to demonstrate the need to rely on economy and better administration, what more convincing or more heartrending proof is there to give to your Majesty than the Kingdom's state of decline? Sire this decline is evidenced by falling population, the desertion that leaves a portion of the land uncultivated, the increase in begging, the despondency and disappointment rife among the workers in the countryside. . . . And finally, Sire, it is also evidenced through the loss of the patriotic spirit and, if we dare say, the fear of seeing oneself reborn into a future destined for heavier impositions that those that one endured oneself. . . .</p> <p>The sad result of inequality in the division of taxes, a nefarious source of the fortune of some and the ruin of others, is an inequality that is contrary to your justice and your beneficence. . . .</p> <p>Sire, your <i>parlement </i>must make the most adamant and the most respectful entreaties to your Majesty, and beg him to make the State's budget available so that it can be compared to the old peacetime budget so that it can be seen what your Majesty judges to be necessary to maintain the country's borders, police the state police, keep the peace, while protecting the peace, commerce, and the dignity of the throne.</p> <p>Actually, the increase of different types of taxes that fall on the lands and their produce, and on individuals and the actions of society, give rise to government control that is so diversified that a throng of officers would be needed just to make it profitable—officers whose salaries should remain in Your Majesty's coffers. . . .</p> <p>Sire, as long as you are seeing to this matter of reimbursing the State's debts, your <i>parlement </i>dares to hope that your Majesty will not resort to new loans . . . since the ever increasing number of loans is the cause of your finances being unsettled, and of excessive taxes.</p> <p><i>The King responded:</i></p> <p>I know the needs of my people, and am aware of all of the efforts that they have made during the duration of the war. When I decided on the edicts and on the statement that I had entered into the register, I had already thought about the points that my <i>parlement</i> brings to my attention in their remonstrances. I was constrained by necessity to provide for the expenses of the State and for its freedom. I cannot change anything in the plan that I have proposed. My<i> parlement</i> shall become aware of its usefulness when it is executed, and shall recognize my views that are aimed at relieving my people.</p>
Sortable Date
1763-00-00
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Jules Flammermont, <i>Remonstrances du Parlement de Paris au XVIIIe siècle</i>, vol. 2 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1888–98), 323–44.
Description
An account of the resource
In 1763, with the Seven Years’ War having gone badly for France and the treasury facing ever greater shortfalls, the crown issued a series of new edicts on fiscal matters, necessary in large measure to pay off the war debts, which would extend the "twentieth" surtax (originally levied in 1750); add a new surtax on the "capitation" or "head tax" on all subjects of the King, including nobles; and create a special tax on revenues from non–real property (including royally issued bonds, held by most magistrates, judges, and provincial elites). Once again forced to register these measures under protest, the magistrates took the opportunity to upbraid the crown and to warn that once the current debts were retired the new taxes would have to be revoked.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
247
Title
A name given to the resource
Parlementary Remonstrance against Reforms of Royal Debts
Relation
A related resource
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/247/
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1763
Economic Conditions
Laws
Monarchy
Text